Term
|
Definition
| A suggested solution to a problem |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hypothesis that has been tested over and over again and generally holds true |
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Term
|
Definition
| a variable that is deliberately changed (manipulated variable) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The variable that is observed and changes in response to the independent variable (responding variable) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Predictions about something based on observation |
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Term
|
Definition
1. state the problem
2. gather information
3. form a hypothesis
4. do an experiment; tests hypothesis
5. record/analyze data
6. draw a conclusion
7. publish the results |
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Term
|
Definition
1. curiosity
2. skeptical
3. open minded
4. creativity |
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Term
| Characteristics of Living Things |
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Definition
1. Has a metabolism
2. They reproduce
3. Move on their own
4. They are made up of cells
5. Respond to stimulus
6. Grow and Develop
7. Contains DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| Smallest particles of an element that has all its properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| Matter made up of all the same type of atom |
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Term
|
Definition
| Matter made up of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Positive Charge-Located in the nucleus-mass of one-identifies the element |
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Term
|
Definition
| -zero charge-located in nucleus-mass of 1-identify which isotope you have |
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Term
|
Definition
| -found in cloud orbiting the nucleus-negative charge-mass of 0-allows atoms to bond or chemically bond |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Authority-a reliable educated source
2. Logic- orderly set of rules
3. Revelation- an unquestionable source said it
4. Scientific Method- based on logic/constantly tested |
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Term
| What makes a radioactive Isotope |
|
Definition
| Excess numbers of neutrons which break down and release harmful rays |
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Term
| How are radioactive isotopes useful |
|
Definition
1. Dating the age of fossils and rocks
2. diagnose and treat diseases
3. sterilize food
4. create superior plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to fulfill their outer electron shell |
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Term
|
Definition
| form when one atom loses and one gains electrons, and it forms a bond (strongest) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 or more atoms share electrons to fill their outer shells |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Expands when frozen
2. It is polar
3. Exists in all three phases of earth's surface
4. High heat capacity |
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Term
|
Definition
| -sour taste-pH of 6.9 or less- have H+ ions |
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Term
|
Definition
| -have bitter taste-pH of 7.1 to 14- have 0 H ions |
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|
Term
| Acid and Base of Equal strength equals: |
|
Definition
1. pH of 7
2. H20
3. a salt |
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Term
|
Definition
| materials that can be quickly added to the body to maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Organic Compounds are those that contain... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why are there so many carbon compounds |
|
Definition
1. Needs 4 electrons, so it shares with most other atoms
2. Can form single, double, or triple bonds
3.Forms isomers
4. Forms long chains of repeating carbon atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Carbohydrates-Monomers are monosaccharides-Polymers are polysaccharides-Main source of energy
2. Protein-Monomers are amino acids-polymers are polypeptides-builds and repairs muscles, regulates chemical reactions
Lipids- monomers are glycerol and fatty acids-polymers are oils, fats, and waxes-stores excess energy, makes hormones, makes waterproof coverings
4. nucleic acids-monomers are nucleotides-polymers are DNA and RNA-stores and transmits genetic info |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of living things and their interactions between each other and their environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Portion of earth in which life can exist |
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Term
|
Definition
Biotic: Living things in ecosystem
Abiotic: Non-living things in an environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Take energy and make own food |
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Term
|
Definition
| Take carbs and burn them to release energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Break down dead things into molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| Space and job an organism occupies |
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Term
|
Definition
| One species that affects all other species |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 different species live close to, on, or in the other species and interact |
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Term
|
Definition
| Both benefit from the relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
| One benefits,the other is neither harmed or helped |
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Term
|
Definition
| One organism benefits, the other is harmed |
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Term
|
Definition
| a large area with similar climate, plants, and animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| all the members of a species that lives in a biome |
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Term
|
Definition
| All of the populations that live in a biome |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Discovered cells are alive |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Need a whole cell to carry out processes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. All living things are made up of cells
2. The cell is hte building block of life
3. Living cells reproduce |
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Term
|
Definition
| No nucleus or membrane wrapped organelles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| has a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Cell Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Genetic Material
4. Nucleus
5. Cell Wall
6. Mitchondria
7. Chloroplast
8. Ribosomes
9. Endoplasmic Reticulum
10. Vacuole
11. Lysosome
12. Golgi Apparatus
13. Cytoskeleton |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Thin, clear envelope that controls what can enter and leave the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Jelly-like material that suspends and separates cell parts |
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Term
|
Definition
| has plans for making new cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| two layers filled with cellulose and gives strength and support to plant cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Oval with zig-zag structure, powerhouse of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Round green balls filled with chlorophyll, makes sugar and oxygen in photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny grain like dots. assemble amino acids to make proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of tubes, moves material from one part of cell to another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Clear empty sac, stores materials and waste for the cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Round sac filled with digestive enzymes, breaks down food and old cell parts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Stack of pancvakes, package and modify materials |
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Term
|
Definition
| network of filaments and fibers that give cells shape and move them |
|
|
Term
| Cell Transport Passive Transport |
|
Definition
Material goes from higher to lower concentration, does not require energy
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated Diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where material goes from higher to lower concentration until it reaches equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of diffusion where water goes from a higher-lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large materials are helped through membranes with channels of with carrier molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Material goes from lower to higher concentration with energy
1. molecular transport
2. bulk transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small molecules and ions are moved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large molecules are moved
1. Endocytosis-into
2. Exocytosis-out |
|
|
Term
| Differences between plant and animal cells |
|
Definition
1. Plant cells have chloroplast
2. Plant cells have cell walls
3. Animals have centrioles |
|
|
Term
| Levels of Cell Organization |
|
Definition
1. Cell
2. Tissue
3. Organ
4. Organ System
5. Organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major energy storing compound in te body |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of fermentation |
|
Definition
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation-puruvic acid and 2 ATP are changed into lactic acid and 2 ATP
2. Alcohol Fermentation-Puruvic acid and 2ATP react and make CO2, ethyl alcohol, 2 and ATP |
|
|
Term
| Why do cells increase in number and not size |
|
Definition
1. Only one set of DNA to be transcribed, and as the cell gets more ribosomes, it cant make DNA fast enough
2. The surface area to volume ratio goes down so material cant leave or enter the cell fast enough |
|
|
Term
| Asexual (Advantage and Disadvantage) |
|
Definition
A parent has offspring that are genetically identical
A: Only need one parent
2. No diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Offspring gets 1/2 genes from each parent
A: Diversity
D: Ned 2 parents to continue population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G1: Cell grows and makes organelles for specialization
S phase: duplicate copy of DNA
G2: Cell makes organelles needed after division
Prophase: Plump up-Chromosomes shorten and thicken
Metaphase: Match Up- Homologous Chromosomes line up across from each other
Anaphase: Apart- Each member is pulled to opposite sides of the cell
Telephase: Two- Nuclear membranes form
Cytokinesis- Cell membrane pinches in half |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experiment with Rats and Bacteria, discovered transformation |
|
|
Term
| Avery, McCarty, and Mac Leod |
|
Definition
| Repeated Griffith's experiment and found nucleic acids are needed to transform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treat viruses with radioactive phosphorous/ sulful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noticed # of thymine=# of adenine and # of cytosine=# of guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structural Differences between DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
1. RNA has sugar ribose, DNA has sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA has base Uracil, DNA has base Thymine
3. RNA is single helix, DNA is double helix
4. DNA has more nucleotides ten RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "messenger"-makes a complimentary strand of RNA and takes that message from nucleus to ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "ribosomal"-2 strands of rRNA make a ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "transfer"-move a specific amino acid to the ribosomes to be added to the protein the ribosome is making |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA is made into a complimentary strand of RNA |
|
|
Term
| Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
|
Definition
| Information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA and ten to protein mutations are changes in hereditary material that can be passed on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes exchange parts which allows variation in gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell division where 1 diploid cell goes through 2 divisions and produces 4 haploid nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If you inherit one allele you have a higher chance of getting one allele over another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finding the Location of a specific gene on a specific chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking out a bad gene and replacing it with a good one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No nucleus or membrane wrapped organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cell Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Genetic Material
4. Nucleus
5. Cell Wall
6. Mitchondria
7. Chloroplast
8. Ribosomes
9. Endoplasmic Reticulum
10. Vacuole
11. Lysosome
12. Golgi Apparatus
13. Cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin, clear envelope that controls what can enter and leave the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jelly-like material that suspends and separates cell parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has plans for making new cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two layers filled with cellulose and gives strength and support to plant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oval with zig-zag structure, powerhouse of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Round green balls filled with chlorophyll, makes sugar and oxygen in photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny grain like dots. assemble amino acids to make proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of tubes, moves material from one part of cell to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clear empty sac, stores materials and waste for the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Round sac filled with digestive enzymes, breaks down food and old cell parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stack of pancvakes, package and modify materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of filaments and fibers that give cells shape and move them |
|
|
Term
| Cell Transport Passive Transport |
|
Definition
Material goes from higher to lower concentration, does not require energy
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated Diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where material goes from higher to lower concentration until it reaches equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of diffusion where water goes from a higher-lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large materials are helped through membranes with channels of with carrier molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Material goes from lower to higher concentration with energy
1. molecular transport
2. bulk transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small molecules and ions are moved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large molecules are moved
1. Endocytosis-into
2. Exocytosis-out |
|
|
Term
| Differences between plant and animal cells |
|
Definition
1. Plant cells have chloroplast
2. Plant cells have cell walls
3. Animals have centrioles |
|
|
Term
| Levels of Cell Organization |
|
Definition
1. Cell
2. Tissue
3. Organ
4. Organ System
5. Organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major energy storing compound in te body |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of fermentation |
|
Definition
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation-puruvic acid and 2 ATP are changed into lactic acid and 2 ATP
2. Alcohol Fermentation-Puruvic acid and 2ATP react and make CO2, ethyl alcohol, 2 and ATP |
|
|
Term
| Why do cells increase in number and not size |
|
Definition
1. Only one set of DNA to be transcribed, and as the cell gets more ribosomes, it cant make DNA fast enough
2. The surface area to volume ratio goes down so material cant leave or enter the cell fast enough |
|
|
Term
| Asexual (Advantage and Disadvantage) |
|
Definition
A parent has offspring that are genetically identical
A: Only need one parent
2. No diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Offspring gets 1/2 genes from each parent
A: Diversity
D: Ned 2 parents to continue population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G1: Cell grows and makes organelles for specialization
S phase: duplicate copy of DNA
G2: Cell makes organelles needed after division
Prophase: Plump up-Chromosomes shorten and thicken
Metaphase: Match Up- Homologous Chromosomes line up across from each other
Anaphase: Apart- Each member is pulled to opposite sides of the cell
Telephase: Two- Nuclear membranes form
Cytokinesis- Cell membrane pinches in half |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experiment with Rats and Bacteria, discovered transformation |
|
|
Term
| Avery, McCarty, and Mac Leod |
|
Definition
| Repeated Griffith's experiment and found nucleic acids are needed to transform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treat viruses with radioactive phosphorous/ sulful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noticed # of thymine=# of adenine and # of cytosine=# of guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structural Differences between DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
1. RNA has sugar ribose, DNA has sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA has base Uracil, DNA has base Thymine
3. RNA is single helix, DNA is double helix
4. DNA has more nucleotides ten RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "messenger"-makes a complimentary strand of RNA and takes that message from nucleus to ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "ribosomal"-2 strands of rRNA make a ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "transfer"-move a specific amino acid to the ribosomes to be added to the protein the ribosome is making |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA is made into a complimentary strand of RNA |
|
|
Term
| Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
|
Definition
| Information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA and ten to protein mutations are changes in hereditary material that can be passed on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes exchange parts which allows variation in gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell division where 1 diploid cell goes through 2 divisions and produces 4 haploid nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If you inherit one allele you have a higher chance of getting one allele over another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finding the Location of a specific gene on a specific chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking out a bad gene and replacing it with a good one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Delivery of characteristics from parent of offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specific characteristic of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Offspring of parents with different traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different forms of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Factors that are passed from parents to offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Discovered heredity and dominant and recessive genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive, If it has at least 1 dominant allele, it will express that trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separation that happens during meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the likelihood that something will occur, can be incorrect due to small sampling error |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homo means same-Two identical alleles for a particular gene (TT or Tt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hetero means different-Different alleles for the same gene (Tt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mathematical probability to help predict the genotype/phenotype combinations in genetic crosses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some alleles are neither dominant or recessive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A case in which both phenotypes produced by alleles are clearly expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gene with more than 2 alleles: Exists in several different forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traits controlled by two or more genes. Polygenic means "many genes" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows the complete diploid set of chromsomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autosomal Chromsomes are non-sexual chromosomes (1-22) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carried on the autosomes but are only expressed if male/female hormones are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of meiosis, fail to separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They allow only the plants/animals they want to reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crossing two dissimilar to get maximum heterozygosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breeding closely related plants and animals to get maximum homozygosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extra pair of chromosomes (mostly in plants) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed the theory of Evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Animals have a desire to change
B. Traits become stronger with use/disuse
C. Traits gained are passed on to offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Earth is much older then believed at the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Population was expanding fast, world would soon starve to death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. More members of species are born than will survive to adulthood
2. There are differences in members of the same species
3. There is strong competition to get resources needed to survive
4. Some differences increase the chance of survival
5. Those that survive will genetically pass on those traits to offspring |
|
|
Term
| How did Farmers influence Darwin |
|
Definition
| He noticed how they artificially selected desirable plants and animals, so he realized nature did the same thing |
|
|
Term
| Best evidence of Evolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to pass your genes on to the next generation |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Darwin's theory |
|
Definition
1. CHance
2. Lack of intermediate fossils
3. Living Fossils
4. Puncuated Equilibrium
5. Mass Extinctions |
|
|
Term
| How do we end up with a new species |
|
Definition
1. Founding fathers and mothers
2. Geographic Isolation
3. Change in gene pool
4. Reproductive Isolation
5. 2 species are returned to a common environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that a common ancestor has offspring that become less and less like the ancestor as time passes-homologous body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that don't have a common ancestor but develop body parts that appear similar-analogous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A species that has died out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Came up with Binomial Nomenclature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two part scientific name (latin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of organisms with a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Placing similar organisms into groups, the more similarities, the more closely realted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New taxa that is more inclusive then a kingdom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Archaea Bacteria-have peptidoglycan in cell walls, single celled, no nucleus or membrane wrapped organelles
2. Eubacteria- no peptidoglycan in cell walls, single celled, no nucleus or membrane wrapped organelles
3. Eukaria- Have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonliving Particle that effects their host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have RNA as their genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inserts its DNA into host cell, ten it takes over and forces it to make new viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The virus enters a cell and inserts its genetic material into the hosts DNA, lies dormant, but sometime something triggers the DNA and they go through the lytic stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The viral DNA that is embedded into the host cell and then replicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modifiedf sugars found in external skeletons of insects |
|
|
Term
| Alternation of Generations |
|
Definition
| One portion reproduces and produce cells. Second portion takes 1N's the the first and make 2N and go through meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Factor that causes population growth to decrease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that act as biological catalyst (A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force of attraction between different kinds of molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attraction between molecules of the same substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure that has lost much or all of original function |
|
|
