Term
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Definition
| regulation of an organisms internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable you can change |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable you can measure and can't directly control |
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Term
| constant (also called controlled variable) |
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Definition
| a condition in an experiment that stays the same |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable that goes with or mimicks normal conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of interactions among organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed |
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Term
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Definition
| several populations that live together in an area |
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction of all organisms and the environment in a given area |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of ecosystems that have the same climate |
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Term
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Definition
| part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eat decomposing bits of organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| ingest nonliving plants and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| the different feeding relationships in an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction between oppositely charged molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction between like molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| inward pulling on water molecules at the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction between different molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of water from plants by the process of evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| tubes in plants that transport water from roots to leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| water vapor changes to a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| water covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil at least part of the year |
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Term
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Definition
| a place where salt water mixes with fresh water |
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Term
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Definition
| coastal wetland that occurs in bays and estuaries across tropical regions |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the shoreline between the high and low tides |
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Term
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Definition
| competition within the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| competition between different species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the animal a predator eats |
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Term
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Definition
| both species benefit from the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism benefits and the other is harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| first species to populate the area |
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Term
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Definition
| a stable mature community that undergoes little or no change in species |
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Term
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Definition
| the area inhabited by a population |
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Term
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Definition
| number of individuals per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of individuals into an area |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of individuals out of an area |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor that causes population growth to decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| a limiting factor that depends on population size |
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Term
| density-independent factor |
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Definition
| a limiting factor that affects all populations regardless of the population size |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of human population growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture of chemicals that occur as a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| a harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air, or water |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the atmosphere combine with water vapor and fall to the earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or fog |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of naturally occurring micro-organisms that have been genetically engineered and that can be used to degrade petroleum products |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of species that live in a certain area |
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Term
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Definition
| the seperation of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas |
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Term
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Definition
| the damage to a habitat by pollution |
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Term
| exotic (invasive) species |
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Definition
| organisms that are not native to a particular area |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; breaks down sugars to use as energy for cell activity |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound that is fatty acid; has more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex molecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code |
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Term
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Definition
| make up nucleic acid; made up of simple sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic molecule that is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; it is essential to life, it provides structure for tissues and organs, and it carries out cell metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| basic building blocks of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
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Term
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Definition
| when an ezyme's active site changes shape and will not bind to the substrate (results in no reaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that does not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that contains a nucleus with DNA inside |
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Term
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Definition
| clear gelatinous fluid inside a cell that surrounds all of the organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a rigid structure located outside the cell membrane that provides additional support and protection |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell's largest organelle that contains DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle within the nucleus that makes ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| moves out of the nucleus; where proteins are made |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| a series of folded membranes that transports proteins and other materials to the golgi apparatus |
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Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| covered with ribosomes; makes proteins |
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Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| organelle that makes lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle that sorts proteins into packages (vesicles) to be sent to the appropriate destination in the cell or outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary storage of materials like food enzymes and other materials like food enzymes and other materials needed by the cell and cell waste |
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Term
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Definition
| small organelles filled with enzymes (to break down lipids, carbohydrates, worn out organelles, viruses, and bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle that is only in plants; some are used to store starches, lipids, and others contain pigments to give them color |
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Term
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Definition
| makes energy for the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of plastid that captures light energy and produces food (necessary for photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| gives cell support structure; composed of tiny rods called microtubules and filaments called microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules that help with cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| short, numerous hairlike projections that move in a wavelike motion to help the cell move |
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Term
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Definition
| long, tail-like proection that moves in a whip-like motion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attraction between water and side of a cylinder |
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Term
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Definition
| adhesion causes water to rise in an arrow tube against the force of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell membrane allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others out |
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Term
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Definition
| a phosphate head and fatty acid tails |
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Term
| transport proteins (or carrier proteins) |
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Definition
| span the entire membrane to allow needed substances or waste to move through the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| no energy is required to move particles across membranes from high to low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| net movement of particles from high to low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in concentration of a substance across space |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of dissolved substances is equal inside and outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of dissolved substances is lower outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of dissolved substances is higher outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transport materials across the cell membrane by means of transport proteins from high to low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| material is released from the cell and the cell excretes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| groups of tissues that work together |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of organs that work together |
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Term
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Definition
| long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule coils tightly before cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 2 copies of each chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 identical copies of the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein disk that attatches the 2 chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which new cells are made from an existing cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasm divides seperating into 2 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into 2 identical nuclei with the same number of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| body cells used in mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| sex cells used in meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| plants trap the sun's energy and make glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| light absorbing molecules in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| disk-like membrane that contains chlorophyll in a chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| liquid surrounding the thylakoids |
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Term
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Definition
| the splitting of water by light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| electron carrying molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| mitochondria breaks down glucose to produce ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 of each kind of chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of each kind of chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cell that goes through meiosis to make gametes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| union of an egg and sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| the uniting of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| the reassortment of chromosomes and the genetic information they carry by crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA that codes for a trait |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 same alleles for a trait |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 different alleles for a trait |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the actual gene combination |
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Term
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Definition
| male and female gametes from the same plant unite |
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Term
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Definition
| the offspring of 1 parent and has identical genes |
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Term
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Definition
| male and female gametes from different forms of a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| the offspring of 2 parents that have different forms of a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic cross involving one trait |
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Term
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Definition
| a cross involving 2 traits |
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| genes for different traits can segregrate independently during the formation of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the dominant and recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenotypes of both homozygotes are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| traits controlled by more than 2 alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| O blood type and is most common |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| short segments of complementary DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| takes more time to assemble |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that connects okazaki segments to produce a single complementary strand |
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Term
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Definition
| takes information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| what ribosomes are made of |
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Term
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Definition
| transports amino acids to the ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| makes a RNA copy of a portion of a DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| each set of 3 nitrogen bases represents an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of converting mRNA into a sequence of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| any change in the DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in a single base pair in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a single base is added or deleted from DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the structure of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a fragment of a chromosome breaks off, it can be lost |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome, which will then carry 2 copies of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in the reverse orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| a fragment may join a non-homologous chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a mistake in base pairing during DNA replication, occurs at random |
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Term
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Definition
| any agent that can cause a change in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| reads the DNA strand and checks it for mistakes |
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Term
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Definition
| fixes any mistakes in the DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of homologous chromosomes to separate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms with more than the usual number of chromosome sets (rare in animals) |
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Term
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Definition
| a graphic representation of genetic inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of bands that show a persons DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for separating DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| region of a chromosome that contains multiple copies of a DNA sequence |
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| the process of making many copies of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism is changed by a gene or genes of another organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of cutting DNA from one organism and inserting the DNA into another organism |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different sources |
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Term
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Definition
| contain function foreign DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically identical offspring produced from a single cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of bases in widely separated regions of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the harmful effects produced by mutated genes |
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Term
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Definition
| traits controlled by genes on sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| chart of chromosome pairs that's valuable in pinpointing unusual chromosome numbers in cells |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a population of organisms over time |
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Term
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Definition
| selective use or disuse of organs; organisms acquire or lose certain traits during their lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| a breeder selects particular traits |
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Term
| homologous body structures |
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Definition
| structural features with a common evolutionary origin |
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Term
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Definition
| any body structure that is reduced in function in a living organism but may have been used in an ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| all genes in a population of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of times the allele occurs in a gene pool |
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Term
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Definition
| traits controlled by one gene that has 2 alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| traits controlled by 2 or more genes |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypes shift toward homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| heterozygote of a trait are favored and alleles that specify extreme forms (homozygote) are eliminated from a population |
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Term
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Definition
| extremes are favored and the heterozygous form is selected against |
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Term
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Definition
| a random change in allele frequencies over the generations |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are by chance not the same as that of their original population |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size |
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Term
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Definition
| when allele frequencies remain constant and no evolution is occurring |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a new species |
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Term
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Definition
| large-scale evolutionary patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more species that originate from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a species evolves into several different species |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which 2 species evolve in response to change in each other over time |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping of objects of information based on similarities |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of biology for grouping and naming organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular prokaryotes with thick or thin walls made of peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular prokaryotes with cell walls that lack peptidoglycan and cell membranes contain unusual lipids not found in other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that are separated into 4 kindoms: protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary relationships among organisms |
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