Term
Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of
a. Amino acids
b. Fatty acids
c. Monosaccharides
d. Nucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
A nucleotide consists of
a. a sugar, a protein, and adenine
b. a sugar, and amino acid, and starch
c. a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
d. a starch, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base |
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Definition
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Term
The amount of guanine in an organism always equals the amount of
a. protein
b. thymine
c. adenine
d. cytosine |
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Definition
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Term
Watson and Crick built models that demonstrated that
a. DNA and RNA have the same structure
b. DNA is made of two strands that twist into a double helix
c. guanine forms hydrogen bonds with adenine
d. thymine forms hydrogen bonds with cytosine |
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Definition
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Term
During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made from each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be
a. TTGCATG
b. AAGTATC
c. CCTAGCT
d. GGATCGA |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not true about DNA replication
a. it must occur before a cell can divide
b. two complementary strands are duplicated
c. the double strand unwinds and unzips while it is being duplicated
d. the new DNA molecule has two newly-made strands |
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Definition
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Term
The enzymes responsible for adding nucleotides to the exposed DNA bases during replication are
a. replicases
b. DNA polymerases
c. helicases
d. template enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
The enzymes that unwind DNA during replication are called
a. double helixes
b. DNA helicases
c. forks
d. phages |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following are true about DNA replication in prokaryotic cells except
a. replication begins at many sites along the DNA
b. replication begins at one site along the DNA loop
c. replication occurs in two opposite directions
d. there are two replication forks |
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Definition
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Term
Transcription, which is a stage of gene expression, is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n)
a. RNA molecule
b. DNA molecule
c. uracil molecule
d. tRNA molecule |
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Definition
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Term
RNA differs from DNA in that RNA
a. is double stranded
b. contains deoxyribose
c. contains the nitrogen base uracil
d. does not contain adenine |
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Definition
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Term
Each of the following is a type of RNA except
a. carrier RNA
b. messenger RNA
c. ribosomal RNA
d. transfer RNA |
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Definition
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Term
During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is "rewritten" as a molecule of
a. messenger RNA
b. ribosomal RNA
c. transfer RNA
d. translation RNA |
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Definition
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Term
Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a(n)
a. peptide bond
b. codon
c. anticodon
d. helicase |
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Definition
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Term
The anticodons in the mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC are
a. GAG-UUC-ACG-AAG
b. GAG-ITC-ACG-AAG
c. CUC-GAA-CGU-CUU
d. CUU-CGU-GAA-CUC |
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Definition
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|
Term
The function of rRNA is to
a. synthesize DNA
b. synthesize mRNA
c. form ribosomes
d. transfer amino acids to ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
At the very beginning of translation, the first tRNA molecule
a. binds to the mRNA's anticodon
b. attaches directly to the DNA codon
c. connects an amino acid to its anticodon
d. binds to the mRNA's start codon |
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Definition
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Term
Transfer RNA
a. carries an amino acid to its correct codon
b. synthesizes amino acids as they are needed
c. produces codons to match the correct anticodons
d. converts DNA into mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
A mutation caused by a piece of DNA breaking away from its chromosome and becoming attached to a nonhomologous chromosome is called
a. deletion
b. duplication
c. inversion
d. translocation |
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Definition
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Term
Transcription factors are
a. enhancers
b. promoters
c. regulatory proteins
d. reformer enzymes |
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Definition
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|
Term
The portions of DNA molecules that actually code for the production of proteins are called
a. transposons
b. exons
c. introns
d. exposons |
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Definition
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|
Term
The non-coding portions of DNA that are separated from the portions of DNA actually used during transcription are called
a. transposons
b. exons
c. introns
d. exposons |
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Definition
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Term
The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
a. genetics
b. heredity
c. development
d. maturation |
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Definition
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Term
The scientific study of heredity is called
a. meiosis
b. crossing-over
c. genetics
d. pollination |
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Definition
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|
Term
The "father" of genetics was
a. A. Knight
b. Hans Krebs
c. Gregor Mendel
d. Charles Darwin |
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Definition
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Term
Garden peas are good subjects for studying heredity because they
a. are difficult to grow
b. mature quickly
c. produce few offspring
d. have few traits |
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Definition
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Term
An allele that is always expressed whenever it is present is called
a. dominant
b. phenotypic
c. recessive
d. superior |
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Definition
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Term
The phenotype of an organism
a. is used to represent its genetic composition
b. is the physical appearance of a trait
c. occurs only in dominant individuals
d. cannot be seen |
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Definition
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Term
If an individual possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be
a. homozygous for the trait
b. haploid for the trait
c. heterozygous for the trait
d. mutated |
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Definition
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Term
When an individual heterozygous for a trait is crossed with an individual homozygous recessive for the trait, the offspring produced will
a. all have the same genotype
b. show two different phenotypes
c. show three different phenotypes
d. all have the same phenotype |
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Definition
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Term
Tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following represents a genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness?
a. T
b. TT
c. Tt
d. tt |
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Definition
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|
Term
[image]
What is the portion of the protein molecule coded for by a piece of mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC
a. Ser-Tyr-Arg-Gly
b. Val-Asp-Pro-His
c. Leu-Lys-Cus-Phe
d. Pro-Glu-Leu-Val |
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Definition
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|
Term
[image]
The child represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would
a. be homozygous for freckles
b. have an extra freckles chromosome
c. be heterozygous for freckles
d. not have freckles |
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Definition
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|
Term
[image]
The parents shown in the Punnett square could have children with a phenotype ration of
a. 1:2:1
b. 4:0
c. 3:1
d. 2:2 |
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Definition
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|
Term
[image]
Which box in the Punnett square represents a child who does not have freckles
a. box 1
b. box 2
c. box 3
d. box 4 |
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Definition
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|
Term
[image]
The child in box 3 of the Punnett square has the genotype
a. FF
b. Ff
c. ff
d. FfFf |
|
Definition
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Term
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b)
[image]
The device shown, which is used to determine the probably outcome of genetic crosses, is called a
a. Mendelian box
b. Punnett square
c. genetic graph
d. phenotypic paradox |
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Definition
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Term
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b)
[image]
Both of the parents in the cross are
a. black
b. brown
c. homozygous dominant
d. homozygous recessive |
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Definition
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|
Term
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b)
[image]
The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box 3 would be
a. brown
b. black
c. a mixture of brown and black
d. white |
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Definition
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|
Term
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b)
[image]
The genotypic ratio of the F1 generation would be
a. 1:1
b. 3:1
c. 1:3
d. 1:2:1 |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype?
a. 0.25
b. 0.5
c. 0.66
d. 1.0 |
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Definition
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Term
If a characteristic is sex-linked, the gene for it is found on
a. a sex chromosome
b. an autosome
c. a linked chromosome
d. an allele |
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Definition
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|
Term
Since the allele for colorblindness is lovated on the X chromosome, colorblindness
a. cannot be inherited
b. occurs only in adults
c. is sex-linked
d. occurs only in females |
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Definition
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|
Term
A diagram in which several generations of a family and the occurrence of certain genetic characteristics are shown is called a
a. Punnett square
b. monohybrid cross
c. pedigree
d. family karyotype |
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Definition
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Term
In humans, eye color and height are controlled by
a. simple dominance
b. multiple alleles
c. polygenic inheritance
d. incomplete dominance |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is not a reason cells divide
a. the cell gets too big to process and transport nurtients
b. new cells are needed for growth
c. DNA cannot be copied quickly enough in large cells
d. surface area-to-volume ration becomes too large |
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Definition
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|
Term
The chromosome of a bacterium
a. is wrapped around proteins
b. has a circular shape
c. occurs in multiple pairs within the cell
d. is found within the nucleus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are held together is called a
a. spindle
b. centromere
c. nucleosome
d. centriole |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chromatids are
a. dense patches within the nucleus
b. bacterial chromosomes
c. joined strands of duplicated genetic material
d. prokaryotic nuclei |
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Definition
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|
Term
When a chromosome condenses,
a. a histone wraps around a chromatin
b. beads form on the DNA double helix
c. its centromere splits
d. looped domains coil into a structure |
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Definition
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|
Term
In order to fit within a cell, DNA becomes more compact by
a. breaking apart into separate genes
b. extending to form very long, thin molecules
c. wrapping tightly around histones
d. being enzymatically changed into a protein |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In a bacterium, cell division takes place when
a. its nucleus divides
b. the cell splits into two cells, one of which receives all of the DNA
c. the DNA is copied, a new cell wall forms between the DNA copies, and the cell splits into two cells
d. spindle fibers form |
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Definition
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Term
The phase of the cell cycle that occupies most of an average cell's life is
a. G1
b. mitosis
c. G2
d. S |
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Definition
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|
Term
What occurs after the cytokinesis is completed?
a. the cell organizes its microtubules
b. the cell begins to replicate its DNA
c. the cell enters G1
d. the cell enters G2 |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the cell cycle?
a. cytokinesis > mitosis > G1 > S > G2
b. S > G1 > G2 > mitosis > cytokinesis
c. G1 > S > G2 > mitosis > cytokinesis
d. mitosis > G1 > S > G2 > cytokinesis |
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Definition
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|
Term
Cells that are not dividing remain in the
a. mitosis phase
b. synthesis phase
c. first gap phase
d. second gap phase |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The synthesis (S) phase is characterized by
a. DNA replication
b. cell division
c. replication of mitochondria and other organelles
d. the division of cytoplasm |
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Definition
|
|
Term
5 steps : the cell cycle::
a. 6 steps : prophase
b. 9 steps : cytokinesis
c. 3 steps : meiosis
d. 4 steps : mitosis |
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Definition
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|
Term
The first three phases of the cell cycle are collectively known as
a. a gap
b. telophase
c. mitosis
d. interphase |
|
Definition
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|
Term
cell growth : G1::
a. mitosis : cytokinesis
b. mitosis : meiosis
c. mitochondria replication : synthesis phase
d. DNA copying : synthesis phase |
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Definition
|
|
Term
metaphase : prophase::
a. G1 : mitosis
b. G2 : S
c. mitosis : cytokinesis
d. S : mitosis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Mitosis is the process by which
a. microtubules are assembled
b. cytoplasm is divided
c. the nucleus is divided into two nuclei
d. the cell rests |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A spindle fiber is a specialized form of
a. microtubule
b. centrosome
c. centriole
d. chromosome |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The phase of mitosis that is characterized by the arrangement of all chromosomes along the equator of the cell is called
a. telophase
b. metaphase
c. anaphase
d. prophase |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Know the parts of mitosis, including prophase,metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, what they look like, and what's happening in them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the order in which mitosis occurs (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
As a result of mitosis, each of the two new cells produced from the parent cell during cytokinesis
a. receives a few chromosomes from the parent cell
b. receives an exact copy of all the chromosomes present in the parent cell
c. donates a chromosome to the parent cell
d. receives exactly half the chromosomes from the parent cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of
a. a belt of protein threads
b. a cell plate
c. spindle fibers
d. centrioles |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following statements is true?
a. prokaryotes divide by mitosis
b. eukaryotes have circular chromosomes
c. animal cells form new cell walls when they divide
d. plant cells and animal cells have different strategies for cytokinesis |
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Definition
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|
Term
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is controlled by
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At the G2 checkpoint, DNA replication is checked by
a. receptor proteins
b. electron transport chains
c. repair enzymes
d. cell-surface markers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cell cycle is monitored as each cell passes through
a. the S phase
b. checkpoints
c. the interphase checkpoint
d. cytokinesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Normal cells become cancer cells when
a. regulation of cell growth and division occurs
b. cells respond to control mechanisms
c. cells pass through G1
d. cells do not respond to checkpoints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following led to the discovery of cells?
a. electricity
b. computers
c. microscopes
d. calculators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is part of the cell theory?
a. All living things are made of one cell
b. cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
c. most cells arise from existing cells
d. cells are nonliving units that make up organisms |
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Definition
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|
Term
Surface are is an important factor in limiting cell growth because
a. the cell can burst if the membrane becomes too large
b. materials cannot enter the cell if it is too large
c. the cell may become too large to take in enough food and to remove enough wastes
d. waste products cannot leave the cell if it is too small |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As cell size increases, the surface area-to-volume ratio
a. decreases
b. increases
c. increases then decreases
d. remains the same |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes do not have
a. DNA
b. a cell membrane
c. cytoplasm
d. a nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A structure within a eukaryotic cell that carries out specific activities inside the cell is called a(n)
a. organelle
b. cytoplasm
c. nucleus
d. membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is correct?
a. they have a nucleus
b. their evolution preceded that of eukaryotes
c. the organelles in their cytoplasm are surrounded by membranes
d. they are multicellular organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Only eukaryotic cells have
a. DNA
b. membrane-bound organelles
c. ribosomes
d. cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which structure acts as a boundary between the outside environment and the inside of the cell?
a. structure 1
b. structure 2
c. structure 3
d. structure 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which structure immediately identifies this cell as a eukaryote?
a. structure 1
b. structure 2
c. structure 3
d. structure 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in
a. structure 1
b. structure 2
c. structure 3
d. structure 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which structure produces vesicles filled with proteins?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
The cell uses structure 3 to
a. transport material from one part of the cell to another
b. package proteins so they can be stored by the cell
c. use light energy to make sugar
d. use energy from organic compounds to make ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
The cell shown is probably an animal cell because it
a. has mitochondria
b. does not have a cell wall
c. has a cell membrane
d. does not have a nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microfiliments, microtubules, and intermediate fibers are three kinds of cytoskeleton
a. protein fibers
b. membranes
c. organelles
d. DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the
a. nucleolus
b. nuclear wall
c. ribosome
d. nuclear envelope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a cell, proteins are made on the
a. mitochondria
b. ribosomes
c. nucleus
d. cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins is the
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. ribosome
c. lysosome
d. Golgi apparatus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know what a vesicle looks like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant cells have a large membrane-bound compartment in which water, waste products, and nutrients can be stored. This compartment is called the
a. mitochondrion
b. chloroplast
c. Golgi apparatus
d. central vacuole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The organelles associated with plant photosynthesis are the
a. mitochondria
b. chloroplasts
c. Golgi apparatus
d. vacuoles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Short, thick outgrowths that allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces or each other are called
a. flagella
b. microtubules
c. microfilaments
d. pili |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
a. chloroplast
b. fungus
c. bacterium
d. muscle cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following pairs contains unrelated items?
a. eukaryote-plant
b. ribosome-protein
c. cell wall-animal cell
d. mitochondria-ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The chromosomes of bacteria
a. contain numerous types of organelles
b. are divided into compartments
c. vary in number, depending on the species of bacteria
d. contain a single circular piece of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Organism B has a shape similar to that of
a. Micrococcus
b. Bacillus
c. Streptococcus
d. Leptospira |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
The shape represented by Organism C is called
a. a coccus
b. a spirillum
c. a bacillus
d. filamentous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacteria often have small extra loops of DNA called
a. nucleoids
b. pili
c. plasmids
d. prions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It is important to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in diagnosing a bacterial infection because
a. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria differ in their response to different antibiotics.
b. Gram-positive bacteria never cause fatal diseases
c. Gram-positive bacteria destroy antibiotics, preventing them from working
d. Gram-positive bacteria do not respond to many antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacterial cells have
a. a cell wall only
b. a cell membrane only
c. both a cell membrane and an outer cell wall
d. a cell wall inside their cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli transfer pieces of genetic material in a process called
a. binary fission
b. mitosis
c. conjugation
d. sexual reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacteria that cause botulism may survive in canned food for a long time because
a. the can was left open
b. some cans may contain viruses that protect the bacteria
c. the bacteria may form endospores
d. sterilized cans do not have enough oxygen to harm the bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
We know viruses are not alive because they
a. are made of cells
b. make prions rather than proteins
c. they are autotrophic
d. they are not made of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A typical virus consists of a
a. protein coat and a cytoplasm core
b. carbohydrate coat and a nucleic acid core
c. protein coat and a nucleic acid core
d. polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which structure represents protein?
a. Structure B
b. Structure A
c. Structure D
d. Structure E |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The function of a bacteriophage's tail and tail fibers is to inject
a. viral protein into the host cell
b. viral enzymes into the host cell
c. glycoproteins into the host cell
d. viral DNA into the host cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The capsid of a virus is the
a. protective outer coat
b. cell membrane
c. nucleus
d. cell wall and membrane complex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is the lytic cycle different from a lysogenic cycle?
a. The host cell is destroyed in a lysogenic cycle
b. The host cell is destroyed in a lytic cycle
c. A provirus is formed during a lytic cycle
d. a lytic cycle releases temperate viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a lytic cycle, viral genetic material
a. remains separate form the host cell's DNA
b. becomes part of the host cell's DNA
c. becomes a provirus
d. remains in the host cell permanently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Viroids are
a. much smaller than viruses
b. much larger than viruses
c. misshapen proteins
d. found in the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prions
a. always have a capsid
b. cause abnormal growth in plants
c. change the shape of normal proteins
d. are made of RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The procedure used to identify the pathogen that causes a disease is
a. Fleming's postulates
b. method of contagion
c. steps of transmission
d. Koch's postulates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antibiotic resistance
a. arises by mutation in an infected person
b. may prevent bacteria from making new cell walls
c. can be prevented by widespread use of antibiotics
d. arises naturally in bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
viruses can be transmitted only
a. through sexual contact
b. through the sharing of nonsterile needles
c. through the air
d. if the virus is brought in close contact with a host cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because
a. viruses are protected inside their host cells
b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics
c. antibiotics interfere with metabolic processes that viruses do not perform
d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from entering the virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an emerging disease that might mutate, spreading to humans as a new host, is
a. tuberculosis
b. SARS
c. hanta virus
d. bird flu |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
The cell in diagram 1 is in
a. metaphase
b. telophase
c. anaphase
d. prophase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Mitosis begins with the stage shown in diagram
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
The cell shown in diagram 5 is in
a. metaphase
b. telophase
c. anaphase
d. prophase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which of the following correctly indicates the order in which these events occur?
a. A, B, C, D
b. C, B, A, D
c. B, A, C, D
d. A, C, B, D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
During which stage do the centromeres divide?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D |
|
Definition
|
|
