• Incorporation of Co2 into Organic Compounds
• Carbon comes from atmosphere and becomes "fixed"

• On underserface of leaves 
• Plants reduce water loss in hot dry air by closing these.

The Steps of the Calvin cycle:

4

1. 6 carbon dioxide molecules combine with six 5-carbon molecules forming twelve 3-carbon molecules

2. The 12 3-carbon molecules are converted into high-energy forms.

3. 2 of the 12 3-carbon molecules are removed and the plant uses them to produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds.

4. The 10 3-carbon molecules change back into six 5-carbon molecules, which combine with 6 more carbon dioxide molecules.

Algea
Some bacteria

Green protists

Plants 

6CO₂ + 6H₂O →_CHL^light C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Carbon+Water → Glucose+Oxygen

• Inner membrane
• Outer membrane
• Granum
• Thylakoid
• Stroma

Light Intensity- Rate of photosynthesis increased as light intensity does. Some point level off

CO₂ Levels- Increases as CO₂ does then livels off.

Temperature- Increases as temp increases, peaks, and goes back down. 

• Absorbs less BLUE light and more RED
• Doesn't absorb much green light, reflects it. 
• Only one directly involved in the light reactions

• Absorbs less RED light, And more BLUE light
• Reflects GREEN
• Assists A in capturing light energy

Found in thylakoid membrane:

Orange- Carotene

Yellow- Xanthophyll

Red- Anthocyanin

Found in all plants

• Chlorophylls and carotenoids are grouped in clusters of pigments. 
• They are Proteins
• Contain light energy 

• SECOND photosystem
• Uses light energy to mediate electron transfer on the electron transport chain.  

• FIRST photosystem 
• Provides the electrons for all of photosynthesis to occur. 

Second step of converting light energy to chemical energy:

1. PEA donates the electrons to a series of molecules called the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
2. Electrons lose energy as they pass.

1. Light absorbed by photosystem I. Electrons move to another PEA
2. Electrons are replaced by the electrons that passed through photosystem II. 
3. electrons combine with a proton + NADP⁺

1. Second set of reactions: 
2. Plants use energy that was stored in ATP and NADPH to make sugars.
3. Produces a 3C sugar, Glucose, aminoacids, carbs and lipids.
4. Occurs within stroma 

• Virulent S strain and Rstrain 
•  Experimented with MICE
• Streptococcus Pneumonia

• Experimented with Pea Plants
• Independent assortment 
• Dominance Discovery

Replication
When:
What happens: 

• Depicted structure of DNA
• Nobel prize for physiology and Medicine
• Used Franklin's pictures of the double helix 

• Began the study of DNA
• Amound of A=T and G=T 
  (His rule)  

• Studied DNA structure by X-ray
• Crystallography
• Their photos implied a double helix shape

• DNA extraction 
• Extracted from S bacteria

Replication Steps:

4

1. Double-helix unwinds H-bonds break apart
2. Free-floating nucleotides match with the open bases to form a complimentary stroma.
3. DNA Polymerase matches bases with their correct partners
4. New "backbones" form into 2 identicle double helixes

Barbara McClintoc
(1947)

• Drosophela experiments 
• linked genes
• sex linked genes
• More evidence accquired for the chromosome theory

Chromosome theory- 

occurs in pairs and seperate during meiosis pairs assort independently.

• Occurs in pairs 
• Separate during meiosis
• Pairs assort independently

Characteristics of Life:

All adaptations are good, Not all mutations are. 

improve ability to survive and reproduce.

Cytoplasm/cytosol- Chemical Goo

Cell Membrane

Ribosomes

DNA/RNA

In all cells. 
Involved in making proteins.
Stucture- Large and small subunits fuse when active.  Most numerous organelle. Composed of RNA and Proteins

Function- Making Proteins

Produces proteins and phospholipids, Types of proteins made include ensymes and antibodies, Sacs containing productts can detatch, Sacs can pinch off and more through and often out of the cell. 

Produces lipids (cholesterol) and steroid hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
Detoxifies. Placed in liver and kidneys.

Break up all potentially toxifying things- All ER 

Is a transport system.

Structure- Flattened membrane sacs, Areas break/pinch off visicles. Contains many chemicals.

Function- Processes raw material, modifies the lipids or proteins, adds chemical adresses to proteins/lipids, Vesicles leave the Golgi to go to correct location in the cell or depart from the cell. Golgi produces many different products.

Structure- Small spherical membrane sac Made out of membrane has goo inside. Pinch off and/or merge with plasma membrane, Golgi, And ERS

Function- Vesicles named for function. 

contractile vacuale, Contract to expel extra water from cell. Often present in fresh water unicellular organisms. 

Pinch off Golgi. 

Contains digestive enzymes which broke down large organic molecules, worn out organelles, (Autohagy) And whole cells (Autolysis)