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| one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis |
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| two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents |
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| diploid organism that makes haploid spores by meiosis |
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| spores that grow by mitosis into a haploid organism |
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| homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes |
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| sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes |
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| chromosomes condense, tetrads form |
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| x-shaped regions where crossing over occured |
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| tetrads line up at metaphase plate, microtubules reach from poles to kinetochores |
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| pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles guided by spindle apparatus |
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| forms two haploid daughter cells with a haploid set of chromosomes each |
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| chromosomes moved toward metaphase plate |
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| non-identical sister chromatids on metaphase plate |
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| sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles |
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| conserves # of chromosome sets, producing cells that are identical to parent cell |
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| reduces # of chromosome sets from two to one and produces cells that are genetically different from each other and the parent cell |
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| independent assortment of chromosomes |
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Definition
| segregation of alleles at one gene occurs independently of the segregation of alleles at another |
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| contributes to genetic variation by combining DNA from two parents into a single chromosome |
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| adds to genetic variation because any sperm can fuse with any ovum |
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| idea that genetic material from two parents blends together |
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| idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units |
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| documented particulate mechanism through experiments with garden peas |
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| distinct heritable features |
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| the mating of two contrasting, true breeding varieties |
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| states that two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
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| breeding known phenotype with homozygous recessive to find genotype |
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| law of independent assortment |
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| states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation |
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| occurs when phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical |
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| two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
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| phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties |
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| most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms (ex. blood types) |
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| multiple phenotypic effects, and can be responsile for certain hereditary diseases |
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| gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus |
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| additive effect of two ore more genes on a single phenotype |
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| genetic and environmental factors influence phenotype |
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| chromosome theory of inhertance |
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| states that mendalian genes have specific loci on chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment |
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| studied Drosphilia and noted wild phenotypes that were common and noted that the mutant allele must e located on the X chromosome |
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| predicted that the farther apart two genes are, the higher the probaility that a crossover will occur between them, causing a higher recomination frequency |
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| synthesis of mRNA under direction of DNA |
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| synthesis of polypeptide that occurs under direction of mRNA; done at ribosomes |
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| helps to translate an mRNA message into protein |
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| biding site for tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain |
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| binding site for tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain |
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| binding site for tRNA that is the exit site where tRNA's leave the ribosome |
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| changes in just one base pair of a gene |
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| code for the wrong amino acid |
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| change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, resulting in a nonfunctional protein |
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| composed of an operator, a propmoter, and genes for metabolic enzymes |
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| small molecule that cooperates with a repressor to switch an operon off |
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| inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence |
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| interact with specific transcription factors to code genes |
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| protein that binds to an enhancer to stimulate transcription of a gene |
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| giant protein complexes that ind protein molecules and degrade them |
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| differential success in reproduction from interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environments; produces an increase in adaptation of organisms to their environment |
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| similarity due to common ancestry |
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| dna replication in prokaryotes |
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Definition
-have a single origin of replication
-replication proceeds in both directions until entire molecule is copied |
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Term
| dna replication in eukaryotes |
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Definition
- replication beings at many sites in DNA molecule
-shotre DNA molecules as the replication cannot complete the 5'ends
-telomeres are located at the ends of nucleotides |
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Definition
| where dna strands are separated |
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| catalyze the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork; can only add nucleotides to 3' end, dna elongates in 5'->3' direction |
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| synthesized in the direction towards replication fork |
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| synthesize in the direction away from the replication fork |
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| segments on the lagging strand that are joined together by DNA ligase |
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| can start an RNA chain from scratch; synthesizes RNA primer at 5' ends of leading strand and the Okazaki fragments |
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Definition
| synthesizes leading strand and elongates okazaki fragments |
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| untwists double helix and separates template DNA strands at replication fork |
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| single-strand binding proteins |
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Definition
| bind to and stabilize template DNA strands |
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Definition
| corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks |
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Definition
| repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing |
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| nucleotide excision repair |
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Definition
| enzymes cut out and replace damaged stretches of DNA |
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| postpone erosion of genes near ends of DNA molecules |
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| catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells |
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| developed one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, stating that each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme |
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