Term
| Transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Three Types of Cellular Work |
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Definition
| Mechanical, transport, and chemical |
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Term
| Chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| catalytic protein that lowers the Ea barrier but do not affect change in free-energy |
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Definition
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Term
| reactant that an enzyme acts on |
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Definition
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Term
| what forms when an enzyme binds to its substrate at the active site |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the active site lower the Ea barrier |
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Definition
-orienting substrates correctly
-straining substrate bonds
-providing a favorable microenvironment
-covalently bonding to the substrate |
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Term
| nonprotein enzyme helpers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate |
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Definition
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Term
| bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective |
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Definition
| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Term
| cases where a proteins function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site, that may inhibit or stimulate an enzyme's activity |
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Definition
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Term
| stabilizes active form of enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| what prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than needed |
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Definition
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Term
| generation of oxygen and organic molecules to be used in cellular respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| create energy by breaking down organic fuels |
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Definition
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Term
| partial degradation of sugars without oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| consummation of oxygen and completely degrades organic molecules, yielding a much greater amount of ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| substance loses electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| substance gains electrons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| coenzyme that functions as an electron acceptor |
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Definition
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Term
| break down glucose into two molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| completes the breakdown of glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| "splitting of sugar"; harvests energy by oxidizing |
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Definition
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Term
| produced during glycolysis, three carbon organic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| two major phases of glycolysis |
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Definition
-energy investment phase
-energy payoff phase |
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Term
| the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work |
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Definition
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Term
| pyruvate is converted to ethanol by releasing CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| pyruvate reduced by NADH to lactate with no release of CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| long molecule consisting of monomers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-carbs
-proteins
-nucleic acids |
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Term
| monomers form with large molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| polymers are disassembled into monomers |
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Definition
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Term
| multiples of CH20, major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| covalent bond between two monosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| storage polysaccharide that consists mostly of glucose monomers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| storage in animals that is highly branched. In humans, mainly stored in liver and muscle cells |
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Definition
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Term
| major component of tough walls of plant cells; polymer of glucose that has either alpha or beta glucosidic linkages |
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Definition
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Term
| structural polysaccharide found in cell walls of fungi |
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Definition
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Term
| 3-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group |
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Definition
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Term
| three fatty acids joining to glycerol by ester linkage |
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Definition
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Term
| maximum number of hydrogen atoms, no double bonds; solid @ room temp; contributes to CVD through plaque deposits |
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Definition
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Term
| one or more double bonds; liquid @ room temp |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 functional groups of proteins |
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Definition
-nonpolar
-polar
-electrically charged |
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Term
| polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| unique sequence of amino acids, determined by inherited genetic information |
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Definition
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Term
| coils and folds in polypeptide chain, either alpha helix or beta pleated sheet |
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Definition
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Term
| determined by interactions among various side chains (ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges) |
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Definition
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Term
| a change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation |
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Definition
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Term
| results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule |
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Definition
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Term
| fibrous protein consisting of 3 polypeptides |
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Definition
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Term
| globular protein consisting of 4 polypeptides |
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Definition
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Term
| what affects conformation of protein structure? |
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Definition
-alterations in pH
-salt concentration
-temperature
-other environmental factors |
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Term
| loss of proteins original conformation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| boundary that separates living cell from nonliving surroundings |
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Definition
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Term
| model that proteins are dispersed within the fluid bilayer with only hydrophilic regions exposed to h20 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| cool temperatures cause membranes to become more ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| helps to stabilize membrane structure |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 major functions of membrane proteins |
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Definition
-transport
-enzymatic
-signla transduction
-cell to cell recognition
-intercellular joining
-attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM |
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Term
| allows passage of hydrophilic substances and are specific to the substance it moves |
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Definition
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|
Term
| allow H20 to pass through membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle across membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| diffusion of substance across a membrane with no energy investment |
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Definition
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Term
| tendency of molecules to spread out evenly into available space; randomly dispersed |
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Definition
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Term
| diffusion of h20 across selectively permeable membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| ability of solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
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Definition
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Term
| cell loses water; concentration greater outside cell |
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Definition
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Term
| cell gains water; concentration greater inside cell |
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Definition
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Term
| transport proteins speed up movement of molecules across plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| undergo subtle change in shape that translocates the solute-binding site across the membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| moves substances across concentration gradient via ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| totality of organism's chemical reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| organisms convert energy to light |
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Definition
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Term
| release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| consume energy to build complex molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| energy associate with motion |
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Definition
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|
Term
| energy that matter possesses |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-energy is constant
-can be transferred
-cannot be created/destroyed |
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Term
|
Definition
| -energy transfer increases entropy and that some energy is lost |
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Term
| net release of free energy and is spontaneous |
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Definition
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Term
| absorbs free energy from surrounds and is not spontaneous |
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Definition
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Term
| study of how populations change genetically over time; integrates Mendelian genetics with Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection |
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Definition
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Term
| focuses on populations as units of evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| localized group of individuals capable of inter-breeding and producing fertile offspring |
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Definition
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Term
| total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time |
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Definition
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Term
| describes a population that is not evolving; states that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population's gene pool will remain constant from generation to generation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-no mutations
-large population size
-no gene flow
-no natural selection
-random mating |
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Term
| changes in nucleotide sequence of DNA; cause new genes and alleles to arise |
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Definition
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Term
| describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next; reduces genetic variation through loss of alleles |
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Definition
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Term
| sudden change in the environment that drastically reduces size of population and remaining individuals do not reflect the original gene pool |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when few individuals become isolated from a larger population. Ex, small group of organisms become isolated and start a new population |
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Definition
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Term
| causes a population to gain or lose alleles; reduces differences between populations over time |
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Definition
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Term
| requires genetic variation to be present; certain alleles are passed to the next generation |
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Definition
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Term
| distinct phenotype; either-or basis |
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Definition
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Term
| vary along a continuum within a population. Ex, skin colour or height |
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Definition
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Term
| describes a population in which two or more distinct varieties are common throughout the population |
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Definition
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Term
| looks at variable traits that cause differences. Ex, how similar DNA between individuals is |
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Definition
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Term
| measures the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population |
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Definition
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Term
| a quantitative trait that varies over geographical extent |
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Definition
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Term
| contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals |
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Definition
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Term
| favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range |
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Definition
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Term
| favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range |
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Definition
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Term
| favors intermediate variatns and acts against extreme phenotypes |
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Definition
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Term
| natural selection for mating success |
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Definition
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Term
| marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates. Ex, may depend on showiness of male's apperance |
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Definition
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|
Term
| refers to evolutionary change above the species level. Longer periods of time, and from one species to another species |
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Definition
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Term
| transforms one species into another. Changing within lineage over time |
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Definition
| anagenesis (phyletic evolution) |
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Term
| splitting of a gene pool, giving rise to one or more new species |
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Definition
| cladogenesis (branching evolution) |
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Term
| splitting of a gene pool, giving rise to one or more new species |
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Definition
| cladogenesis (branching evolution) |
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Term
| cannot reproduce with other species, different from their own. Ex, humans |
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Definition
| biological species concept |
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Term
| factors that impede two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids; two types of barriers: prezygotic and postzygotic |
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Definition
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|
Term
| two species encounter rarely because of different habitats (prezygotic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| species that don't interbreed because of timing of reproduction occurs at different times (prezygotic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| same habitat, same reproduction schedule but have different rituals or behaviors for courtship (prezygotic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| morphological differences can prevent successful mating. Ex, flowers that have different polinators (prezygotic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sperm of one species is not able to fertilize eggs of another species (prezygotic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| genes of different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development. Genetic abnormalities/weaker (postzygotic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| hybrids are sterile, often due to failure in meiosis. Ex, donkey + horse = mule (postzygotic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| first generation hybrids are fertile but when they mate with another species or with parent species, offspring of next generation are feeble or sterile (postzygotic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| limits of biological species (does not apply to) |
|
Definition
-asexual organisms
-fossils
-organisms with little known about their reproduction |
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Term
| defines a species by structural features; corresponds with biological species concept (Linnaus) |
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Definition
| morphological species concept |
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|
Term
| focuses on morphologically discrete species known only from fossil records |
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Definition
| paleontological species concept |
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Term
| views a species in terms of its ecological niche; differ based on ecology but can't identify reproduction isolation |
|
Definition
| ecological species concept |
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|
Term
| defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history. Ex, lineages, branches, or phylogentic tree |
|
Definition
| phylogenetic species concept |
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|
Term
| gene flow interrupted or reduced when population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations |
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Definition
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|
Term
| parent populations overlap geographically |
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Definition
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|
Term
| presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opportunities |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| describes periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change; Stephen Jay Gould |
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Definition
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|
Term
| proportioning that helps give a body its specific form |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events |
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Definition
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|
Term
| rate of reproductive development accelerates compared with somatic development |
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Definition
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|
Term
| determines asic features as where wings and legs develop |
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Definition
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|
Term
| provide positional info in the development of fins in fish and limbs in tetrapods. Duplication important in evolution of vertebrates |
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Definition
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|
Term
| eat autotrophs (plants & algae) |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| eat animals or autotrophs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fuel for all cellular work
-organic raw materials for biosynthesis
-essential nutrients |
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|
Term
| stored excess calories in the liver and muscles, and as fat |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| reduces glucose levels by signaling liver and muscle tissue to make glycogen. secreted when blood glucose levels rise after eating |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| stimulates glycogen breakdown, secreted from the liver when the blood glucose levels drop |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| diet deficient in calories |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| secreted by empty stomach to promote hunger |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| produced by adipose tissue to reduce hunger |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| limited essential nutrients |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| diet with insufficient essential amino acids |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| organic molecules required in small amounts |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| simple inorganic nutrients |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to absorb |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| uptake of nutrients by body cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| food particles engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| breakdown of food particles outside cells, in compartments with the outside of the animal's body |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| part of alimentary canal that stores food |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| part of alimentary canal that mechanically digests food |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| enzymatic digestion, acidifcation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| secrete digestive juices through ducts; salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| initiates breakdown of glucose polymers into maltose |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| made up of HCl and Pepsin, secreted from stomach to converts meal to acid chyme |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| lesions in the lining when the mucus fails and the stomach digests some of itself |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| protein-digesting enzymes produced in the pancreas, that are activated after entering the duodenum |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| aids in digestion and absorption of fats; breaks down fats |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| epithelial lining of duodenum that produces several digestive enzymes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| where acid chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| hormone that inhibits gastrin production |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| molecules made from glycerol and fatty acids mixed with cholestoral, and transported into lacteals |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| lymphatic vessel that allows amino acids and sugars to enter blodstream |
|
Definition
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