Term
| 9 characteristics of living things |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
maintain a stable internal environment
(stay the same) |
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Term
feedback system
3 components and role |
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Definition
Stimulus receptor- monitor environment a report perceived changes (sends nerve impulses)
Control center- receives signal from receptor, formulates response (provides nerve impulses)
Effectors- carry out response from control center bringing change |
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Term
negative feedback system
(define,explain, example |
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Definition
~operate to reduce or eliminate changes detected by stimulus receptor
~reverses change in controlled condition to bring it back within normal limits
~i.e prevents breathing too fast |
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Term
Positive feedback
(define, explain, example |
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Definition
~amplify original stimulus
~enhances change in controlled condition until stimulus that caused change is removed
~i.e childbirth, blood clotting |
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Term
1. atom
(explain, example |
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Definition
| smallest unit of element, combine to form molecules |
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Term
| R-respond to external stimuli |
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Definition
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Term
| A- adapt to the environment |
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Definition
| cover with clothes to maintain temp |
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Term
| C- contain materials found only in living organisms |
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Definition
| proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
plants synthesize solar power
animals ingest nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fission, children organisms-opposite sex reduce genetics by 1/2 |
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Term
| H- High degree of organization |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| larger unit (DNA, glucose) combine to form cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| smallest unit of life (muscle cells) combine to form tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| group of cells w/1 or more functions (muscle, nerve) combine to form |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 or more tissues with 1 or more functions (heart) |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of organs, perform biological function (cardiovascular system) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 living individual (human) |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of species in the are at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| space and time and all organisms interacting with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| place and time interaction between organisms and physical factors that impact survival (water,sun) |
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Term
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Definition
| everything on earth that contains or supports life |
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Term
Kingdom Protista
(Explain, characteristics) |
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Definition
| Uni/multi celled- producer/ consumer, many able to move (amoeba, algae) |
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Term
|
Definition
| multi-celled-consumer- mobile- most inclusive (sponges, cheetah) |
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Term
|
Definition
| multi/uni-celled- consumer- release enzymes (yeast, mushrooms) |
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Term
|
Definition
| multi celled- producer- not mobile- asexual- (trees) |
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Term
| Domain Eubacteria (prokaryote) |
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Definition
| consists of one cell, around 4 billion yrs ago, eu= true |
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Term
| Domain Archaebacteria (Prokaryote) |
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Definition
| live in extreme conditions (salty, hot), ancient, 1 cell |
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Term
| Domain Eukarya (Eukaryote) |
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Definition
| cells contain nuclei and internal membranes (anamalia, plantae, fungi, protista, Unicellular- producer/consumer |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of eukaryotic cells larger, more complex, DNA in nucleus, protected from machinery of cells interior |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of prokaryotic cells, smaller, less complex, DNA free floating in nucleoid region |
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Term
| Viruses- why aren't they alive? |
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Definition
not made up of cells
cannot reproduce
cannot obtain/ use energy |
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Term
Scientific Method
what? when? how used? |
|
Definition
logical way of thinking- to obtain knowledge
~ when question arises S.M provides the accepted logical answer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| factors that can be changed in an experiment to test whether and how it affects the outcome |
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Term
|
Definition
(deductive reasoning) moving from general hypothesis to specific situation
~ refute or disprove hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
test validity of hypothesis
2 group subjects
double bind- neither researchers or subjects know which is receiving treatment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exposed to what is being tested |
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Term
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Definition
| describe what we see happening |
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Term
|
Definition
| share common characteristic |
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Term
|
Definition
| associations between variables |
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Term
|
Definition
| detailed info about individual or group |
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Term
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Definition
| involve statistical evaluation of a hypothesized casual linkage |
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Term
observational studies
retrospective-prospective |
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Definition
cause and effect relationships
retro- look in past for linkage
pro- look forward |
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Term
|
Definition
attempt to modify factors believes to be cause of event/ disease
may be used to prevent/treat disease |
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Term
|
Definition
healthy individuals (20-80)
larger group of healthy individuals (100-300)
randomized controlled trial (potentially receive drug) (1,000- 3,000) presented to FDA before release
FDA approved- release into general population- long term data effectiveness, quality of life |
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Term
|
Definition
| how body absorbs, distributes, breaks down, eliminates drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
| effect at target sites of action in body |
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Term
|
Definition
1993- women died from cerebral hemorrhage (cold medicine)
sex differences ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| record results of experimental process |
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Term
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Definition
| prepare paper, present poster, speaking, publish in science journal, internet |
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Term
|
Definition
question criticize data
consider evidence
limits to certainty |
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Term
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Definition
| putting needs of others ahead or equal to personal needs |
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Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled cell division |
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Term
|
Definition
cancer- unlimited potential to replicate, do not receive chemical signals to stop dividing
normal- programmed to die if DNA is damaged or replicates too often |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells unable to perform job or altered- out compete normal cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Uncontrolled cell division and effect |
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Definition
| cancer cells avoid apoptosis, become immortal to surrounding cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| predispose individual to develop cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
| virus connected to immune system, break in immune more likely develop cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
chemical-asbestos, herbicide
radiation- sun, xray |
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Term
|
Definition
genes- w/ protein initiate physiological changes - cell growth
proteins- general manager, halt cell division, |
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Term
|
Definition
| can contribute or help guard against cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
proto- growth promoters
oncogenes- disrupt cellular function, more activated= worse cell will be |
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Term
|
Definition
| benign- not harmful, do not expand into adjacent tissue, push instead of infiltrate, |
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Term
|
Definition
cancer progression
cancer cells cont. to grow and multiply- pass to next gen.- mutated cells successfully outcompete normal cells for space and noursihment |
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Term
Proto oncogene
growth factor
oncogene
Tumor suppressor gene TSG
Telomerse
Telomerase
Tumor formation
carcinom (insitu)
Angiogenesis |
|
Definition
growth promoters mutate
affected by proteins
mutation and multiply
gives directions for making protein
short DNA at tip of chromosome
maintain telomerse
do not infiltrate push
ball of cells (cancer in place)
new blood vessels form to feed tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
| original cancer spreads throughout body |
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Term
|
Definition
| occur in almost any tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
recognizes and kills cancer cells
some cancer cells have mechanisms that avoid destruction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mutation 1 no higher risk after 2 mutation depend on where mutates will be cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
all multi celled organisms, ingest nutrients
(anamalia) -animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| dorsal hollow notocord (vertebra) -chordata |
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Term
|
Definition
| (mammalia) placental development, mammary glands, tail, |
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Term
|
Definition
| (primates) mammals adapted to life in trees, opposable thumbs |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Homindinae) Primates that move bipedal 2 feet |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Homo) hominids with large skulls (homo erectus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (homo sapien) bipedal, thumbs, large brain case |
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Term
|
Definition
| recognize problem or unanswered question |
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Term
|
Definition
formulating educated guess why phenomenon occurs
inductive- creating general statement |
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Term
| Partial/ segmental mastectomy |
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Definition
| removal of tumor, large amount of tissue and skin |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| remove breast and small amount of lymphs |
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Term
|
Definition
| collect cells from tumor when lesion found |
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Term
|
Definition
| removes section of tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
damages DNA
spread but localized
kills all cells in path |
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Term
|
Definition
| collects stem cells that form red/white blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cancer cells disappear in center of mass |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
thyroid- glandular tissues
tumor enzyme test |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| skin ABCDE test, basal squamous |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cancer involving lymphatic tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| cancer of embryonic cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| epithelium- spread slowly- deepest layer of epidermis |
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Term
|
Definition
| upper layer- spread slow- 2nd deepest layer |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
meiosis
secondary oocyte
diploid zygote |
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Definition
| only complete if if secondary oocyte is fertilized, meiosis 2 oocyte splits into ovum and polar body after sperm and ovum unite combine to form diploid zygote (2N) |
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|
Term
secondary oocyte
where, # chromosome, purpose |
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Definition
| is ovulated- 23 paired oocytes, first in mature follicle then corona radiata, begins meiosis 2 |
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Term
polar bodies
where, # chromosome, purpose |
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Definition
| 23 chromosomes, mature follicle,may or may not divide |
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Term
primary oocyte
where, # chromosome, purpose |
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Definition
| 46 chromosomes, primary follicle, complete meiosis 1 |
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Term
oogonium
where, # chromosome, purpose |
|
Definition
| 46 chormosomes, primary, follicle, begins meiosis in utero |
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|
Term
oogenesis
where, what is it? when begin? end? order |
|
Definition
occurs via meiosis- produce only one viable ovum per meiotic event
begins meiosis in utero arrested until puberty
remain diploud primary oocytes until puberty
start to complete meiosis monthly to become haploid secondary
to complete haploid secondary oocyte must be fertilized with 24 hrs - becomes zygote
if not degenerates |
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|
Term
Atresia v apoptosis
when, where occur?
how many secondary oocytes in woman lifetime? |
|
Definition
atresia- reabsorption of immature ova prior to birth
in follicular cells
400 in lifetime |
|
|
Term
| # of viable gametes result if meiosis occurs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what, where are female accessory organs |
|
Definition
| internal and external- unterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule |
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Term
| what, where female gonads |
|
Definition
primary female sex organs
ovaries
produce egg (gamete)
produce estrogen and progesterone |
|
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Term
| lateral vaginal fornix- function |
|
Definition
| deepest area of vagina next to cervix that can extend |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external vaginal orifice- function |
|
Definition
| outer opening of vagina for passage of menstrual flow or infant |
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Term
|
Definition
| traps and destroys pathogens, produce acid inhospitable to sperm |
|
|
Term
| cervical/ external os- function |
|
Definition
| external opening of uterus leads to cervix |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells produce mucus that aids fetililization |
|
|
Term
| fimbriae of fallopian tube- funtion |
|
Definition
| collect ovulated oocyte and sweep it into infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| uterine fallopian tube - funtion |
|
Definition
| cilia in tube help wash oocyte into uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce eggs, estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external urethral orifice- fucntion |
|
Definition
| passage of urine out of body |
|
|
Term
| mons pubis/ veneris- function |
|
Definition
| developed during puberty creating mounds of fatty tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| collect sensory information |
|
|
Term
| labuim majus/majora- funtion |
|
Definition
| folds of skin filled with fatty tissue |
|
|
Term
| labium minus. minora- funtion |
|
Definition
| rich in blood vessels become engorged upon arousal |
|
|
Term
bacculum
what, function, animals who have, |
|
Definition
| bone in penis in most mammals, easier faster safer penetration years ago, racoon, coyote fox mink |
|
|
Term
Viagra
signifigance/consequence Nitric oxide, cGMP
Happens: viagra active, after ejaculation |
|
Definition
inhibits enzyme that breaks down cgmp
active: vasodilation of arteries and constriction of veins
after: viagra should no longer be effective
arteries constricted veins relaxed, blood leaves
memory and vision side effects of cgmp |
|
|
Term
side effects increased cGMP
importance seeking medical attention after 4 hours erect |
|
Definition
seeing blue
can cause permanent damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid removal of entire foreskin
neonatal fewer side effects
reduce transmission of HIV
30 percent male population circumscised |
|
|
Term
dorsal vein ( detumenscence)
role achieving, maintaining, loss of erection, location |
|
Definition
| in dorsal artery- increased diameter in vein that collects blood from erectile tissue plays into loss of erection "ditumescence |
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|
Term
erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa/ spongiosum
role achieving, maintaining, loss of erection, location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
deep artery of penis (corpus cavernosa)
role achieving, maintaining, loss of erection, location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cGMP
role achieving, maintaining, loss of erection, location |
|
Definition
| allows additional blood to enter erectile tissues filling sinuses within tissue and compressing veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
urethra
role transport sperm, formation/transport semen, component each secretion, % semen volume |
|
Definition
| transports semen and urine through length of penis to external urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
Bulbourethral/ cowpers glands
role transport sperm, formation/transport semen, component each secretion, % semen volume |
|
Definition
| secrete alkaline mucous prior to sperm arrival protects sperm from acidic environment |
|
|
Term
prostate
role transport sperm, formation/transport semen, component each secretion, % semen volume |
|
Definition
| secretes milky fluid into passing semen- citric acid and atp and clotting factors 25 percent of semen volume |
|
|
Term
seminal vesicle
role transport sperm, formation/transport semen, component each secretion, % semen volume |
|
Definition
| help nourish sperm, create alkaline fructose rich fluid high ph helps nuetralize acidic environments 60 percent semen volume |
|
|
Term
ductus. vas deferens
role transport sperm, formation/transport semen, component each secretion, % semen volume |
|
Definition
| used to store sperm for as long as several months |
|
|
Term
epididymis
role transport sperm, formation/transport semen, component each secretion, % semen volume |
|
Definition
| storage area and final maturation center for spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
sertoli cells
role transport sperm, formation/transport semen, component each secretion, % semen volume |
|
Definition
| create fluid that fills the seminfierous tubule lumen and push developong spermatazoa alon |
|
|
Term
| what is semen a mixture of |
|
Definition
| blend of sperm and secretion during ajaculation |
|
|
Term
accessory glands
supporting structure
function |
|
Definition
glands facilitate gamete production and survival
structure help deliver and support gametes |
|
|
Term
production, target, changes of
decreased FSH-negative feedback |
|
Definition
sperm count rises
sertoli cells produce inhibin stops FSH production
inhibin levels drop, FSH production resumes |
|
|
Term
effect of increased sperm-
high testosterone
fig 18.9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2 molecules needed for sperm production
(protein, hormone) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Production, target, changes of
ABP - androgen biding protein |
|
Definition
produced by sertoli cells
moves to interstitial spaces in testes and binds testosterone and maintains it in high concentration |
|
|
Term
Production, target, changes of
testosteron
role in reproduction
negative feed back- high testosterone low GnRH and LH |
|
Definition
inhibits further LH production
enlargement of male organs
development of secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
Production, target, changes of
FSH |
|
Definition
anterior pituitary
indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis
combines with sertoli cells to make ABP |
|
|
Term
Production, target, changes of
LH/ ICSH |
|
Definition
LH cause release of testosterone
produced by anterior pitituary |
|
|
Term
Production, target, changes of
GnRH |
|
Definition
hypothalamus
goes to anterior pituitary and releases LH |
|
|
Term
maturation of sperm
where, why
timeframe: maturation, storage, |
|
Definition
in epididymis
new sperm incapable of fertilizing egg
10-14 days mature fully |
|
|
Term
spermatazoa
head
acrosome
midpeice |
|
Definition
head: contain nuclei-
acrosome: digestive enzyme- digest zona-
nucleus: paternal genetic material
midpiece: mitochondria- produce atp
atp provides energy for sperm
tail: flagellum whip like tail |
|
|
Term
Blood testis barrier
what, what it forms, importance
blood testis incomplete? why? |
|
Definition
sertoli cells joined together
forms barrier
prevents immune response against developing cells 'foreign'
incomplete barrier- mans immune system attacks sperm cells |
|
|
Term
Sequence haploid v diploid
spermatagonium |
|
Definition
after spermatogenic cells divide
2N diploid |
|
|
Term
Sequence haploid v diploid
sertoli cell |
|
Definition
second cell moves here
transforms to primary spermatocyte |
|
|
Term
Sequence haploid v diploid
leydig |
|
Definition
| produce testosterone stimulates spermatogonia to produce sperm |
|
|
Term
Sequence haploid v diploid
primary spermatocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sequence haploid v diploid
secondary spermatocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sequence haploid v diploid
spermatids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sequence haploid v diploid
spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sequence haploid v diploid
spermatazoa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what, where, when spermatogenesis occur |
|
Definition
in seminiferous tubules
at puberty begin producing sperm |
|
|
Term
what, where leydig/interstitial. endocrinocytes
function |
|
Definition
outside sem. tubules
produce tersotserone |
|
|
Term
what, where sertoli/ nurse. susentacular cells
funtion |
|
Definition
in sem. tubule
isolate developing sperm nourish protect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| precise production of sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pampiniform plexus?
job? how works? |
|
Definition
| testicular vein collects used blood from teste absorbs heat from artery |
|
|
Term
function/ purpose of
autonomic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
function/ purpose of
lymphatic vessel |
|
Definition
| collect fluid from artery vein |
|
|
Term
function/ purpose of
vas ductus. deferens |
|
Definition
| transport sperm from epi. to ejac duct |
|
|
Term
function/ purpose of
testicular vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
function/ purpose of
testicular artery |
|
Definition
| deliver o2 and nutrient rich blood to testes |
|
|
Term
Spermatic cord
common for hernia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where testes formed?
cryptochidism? consequence? |
|
Definition
maintain temp -3 degree
of both testes have not descended
formed in abdomen |
|
|
Term
scrotum
why testes suspended in scrotum
how works to protect testis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
function/ paired
scrotum
testes
epididymis
vas/ductus deferens
seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
urethra
bb/ cowper gland
penis
corpus cavernosum
spongiosum
glans penis
prepuce
external urethral orifice |
|
Definition
scrotum- protect testes
testes produce sperm 2
epi- store sperm- 2
transport sperm -2
sem. ves- 2
ejac -2
pros
urt
bb- 2
penis
cc- 2
cs-
glans
prepuce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevention of nondisjunction |
|
Definition
| incomplete seperation of chormosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basic components of reproductive system |
|
Definition
male sperm
female egg
fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| target cells- what are they? |
|
Definition
| cells that hormones act upon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of homologous chromosomes exchanging segments and alles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effects of aging on organ system |
|
Definition
bones thin
brain reduces size
cancer development increases |
|
|
Term
what is climacteric
end result
(aging) |
|
Definition
| reduction in circulating sex hormone levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| puberty that occurs before 8 girls 9 boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal gnrh release begins early
follows normal pattern
brain tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release of estrogen or testosterone without trigger from brain
ovaries testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
puberty- onset gnrh hormone
female: menarche ovulatory menses 12
males: appearance nocturnal emissions 13
Adolesscence: include puberty
until reaches full height
female 16-18
male 18 21 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thelarche- breasts
pubarche- pubic hair
widening of pelvis
menarche- first period |
|
|
Term
estrogen
effect during puberty and adoloescence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testosterone effects during puberty and adolescence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH effects during puberty and adolescence |
|
Definition
from pit gland
males- production of protein
testosterone
female - egg follicles |
|
|
Term
LH
effects during puberty and adolescence |
|
Definition
pit gland
males - stimulate test production
female- cause ovulation |
|
|
Term
GnRh
effects during puberty and adolescence |
|
Definition
hypothalamus
release LH and FSH |
|
|
Term
hGH
effects during puberty and adolescence |
|
Definition
increase muscle and bone
internal organs grow |
|
|
Term
Leptin
effects during puberty and adolescence |
|
Definition
fatty tissue
regulate hunger feeling
allow release of GnRH to reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pancrines compounds produced by one cell and released into local environment
effect only surrounding cells |
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Term
|
Definition
no insulin produced
juvenille |
|
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Term
|
Definition
ignores insulin
adult onset |
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Term
|
Definition
from pregnancy
type 2 high risk |
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Term
|
Definition
decrease in antidiuretic hormone
increase in urine |
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|
Term
when feedback loops fail
diabetes mellitus |
|
Definition
insulin released by pancreas target cells stimulated to take in glucose from blood
glucogon released by pancreas target cells in liver break down glucose release glucose into bloodstream
stop release |
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Term
| hormones need controls, why? |
|
Definition
change in measured variable detected by receptors
labor positive
blood sugar ngative |
|
|
Term
| hormones effects on target cells activity |
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Definition
increase or decrease target cell activity
cause target cell to produce secretion |
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|
Term
what are hormones?
what type of tissue produce hormones?
what are hormones released into? |
|
Definition
chemically active compounds produced in one area of body but effect elsewhere
leptin fatty tissue
released onto target cells |
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|
Term
| organs not part of the endocrine system |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which organ/ body system most responsible for maintaining homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
exo- release secretion into duct
endo- produce and release hormones directly into blood stream |
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Term
|
Definition
| collect ovulated oocyte into infundibulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| sweeps oocyte into ampulla |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| last part of uterine tube helps oocyte |
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Term
| suspensory ligament- function |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| holds structures in place |
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|
Term
|
Definition
flat bone at base of spine
bungee cord from uterus to sacrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows for expansion of uterus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| last part of unterine tube |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| external opening of uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
| point of attachment for supporting ligaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| contracts under hormone influence chem messengers birth |
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Term
|
Definition
builds up each repro cycle
purpose for fertilized oocyte |
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Term
|
Definition
| functional layer built up and shed |
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Term
|
Definition
| base layer builds functional layer |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| relationship between uterus and uterine tube |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| endometriosis-definiton- what occured-where found- endo. tissue after reproductive cycle |
|
Definition
endometrial tissue escapes uterus
uterine tubes-external - bladder- ovaries
continues to build up and shed |
|
|
Term
| why/how endo. result in pain before, during, after inetercourse- where is pain |
|
Definition
| several days before menstruation and several days after menstruation |
|
|
Term
| menorrhagia- hypothesis for cause |
|
Definition
backflpw
genetics
differentiaiton of abdominal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
document pain
pelvic exam
ultrasound |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| scrapes away endo tissue from uterus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pain meds, oral contracepticves, depo, pregnancy |
|
Definition
| control pain- regulate hormones |
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|
Term
| complications under/ untreated endo. |
|
Definition
fertility complications
scar buildup
increased risk ectopic pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| ectopic pregnancy- what? how life threatning? |
|
Definition
when implantation occurs outside uterus
very life threatning |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for ectopic pregnancy- endo. PID, smoking |
|
Definition
previous ectopic pregnancies
endometriosis
PID |
|
|
Term
| assertive reproductive techniques after ectopic pregnancy |
|
Definition
| if ovary or uterine tube damaged |
|
|
Term
| endometriosis-definiton- what occured-where found- endo. tissue after reproductive cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroid/ uterine fibroids
how common?
what are they?
factors increase/ decrease risk of fibroids
explain how classified |
|
Definition
most common
benign tumors of uterus |
|
|
Term
classified by tissue
myoma
fibromyoma
leiomyoma |
|
Definition
myoma contains muscle
fibromyoma contains muscle fibrous tissue
leiomyomas contains muscle and fatty tissue |
|
|
Term
classified by location
subserosal
intramural
submucosal |
|
Definition
intra- within myometrium
subserosal- below perimetrial
submucosal- below endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can interfere with implantation
stalk like fibroid
may grow in uterine cavity |
|
|
Term
| how many fibroids could a woman have at any one time? what is the range of the fibroid size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
why following symptoms occur with fobroids
menorrhagia
dyspareunia
frequent urination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pelvic exam
ultrasound
diagnose fibroids
why won't a woman realize she has fibroids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
complications developed with fibroids
infertility
repeat spontaneous abortion
early onset of labor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
treatment options and how treat fibroids
~myomectomy microsurgery
~myolysis or cryolysis
~endometrial ablation
why need to be repeated?
why hysterectomy garaunteed permanent treatment |
|
Definition
myomectomy- fibroid and small amount of muscle
myolysis- extreme heat cry- cold
ablation- burn endo tissue
if fibroids reoccur
permanent |
|
|
Term
Adenomyosis
what is it?
how differ from endometriosis |
|
Definition
| endo tissue becomes embedded in myometrium |
|
|
Term
| dysmenorrhea and adenomyosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dyspareunia and adenomyosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| passing clots during menses and adenomyosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do symptoms disappear after menopause |
|
Definition
| no estrogen or progesterone to stimulate tissue |
|
|
Term
hypothesis for adenomyosis
surgery, trauma, postpartum inflammation, mis location or differentiation of cells during fetal development |
|
Definition
surgery, trauma, post partum inflammation
fetal development |
|
|
Term
| treatments for adenomyosis and why limited |
|
Definition
surgery of muscle is not easy
pain med or hysterectomy |
|
|
Term
| why no long term complications related to infertility and adenomyosis |
|
Definition
| doesn't damage implantation or uterine tube |
|
|
Term
what is hysterectomy?
why hormone replacement for radical hysterectomy |
|
Definition
removal of uterus
hormones lessen post menopausal symptoms for a period of time |
|
|
Term
why receive hysterectomy for conditions
uterine cervical cancer
uterine fibroids
unterine prolapse
adenomyosis
endo |
|
Definition
uterine proplase
uterine ovarian cancer
endo, fibroids, adenomyosis |
|
|
Term
| partial/ subtotal hysterectomy |
|
Definition
| body and fundus of uterus cervix remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of uterus ovarian tubes and supporting ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what is vaginal cuff? why created? |
|
Definition
| allows for future sexual activity |
|
|
Term
vaginal v abdominal hysterectomy
why performed |
|
Definition
vaginal used through vagina
abdominal used for radical laproscope |
|
|
Term
| post hysterectomy instructions |
|
Definition
restricted activity several weeks
nothing in vagina for 6 weeks
sexual activity 6 weeks |
|
|
Term
hysterectomies in U.S
statistics in U.S
compare to industrialized nations
age group has highest rate |
|
Definition
1 in 3 have hysterectomy by age 60
600,000 each year
average age between 40 and 44 years |
|
|
Term
vagina
form and function of rugae
vaginal orifice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external genitalia vulva pudenda (origin) |
|
Definition
vulva covering
pudenda to be ashamed |
|
|
Term
paraurethral/ skenes glands
what are they homolougous too |
|
Definition
inside urethral orifice
produce secretions
homogolous to prostate |
|
|
Term
| greater vestibular/ bartholins glands |
|
Definition
produce secretion
homologous to bb glands |
|
|
Term
what is an episiotomy?
why is it performed
reason one not being/ being performed |
|
Definition
| attempt to increase size of vaginal opening and reduce tearing stitched surgical incision heals better |
|
|
Term
external genital development
homologous sex structures- what does it mean- influence on differentiation of embryonic structures |
|
Definition
external genitalia that arise from same tissues
differentiate under genetics and hormones |
|
|
Term
genital tubercle
male and female |
|
Definition
| male and female undifferentiated |
|
|
Term
glans area
male and female |
|
Definition
male glans penis
female clitoris |
|
|
Term
urethral folds
male and female |
|
Definition
male
female external urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
labioscrotal swelling
male and female |
|
Definition
male scrotum
female labia majora |
|
|
Term
urogenital sinus
male and female
fig 19.7 |
|
Definition
male anus
female vaginal orifice |
|
|
Term
| homologous structures table 18.1 |
|
Definition
ovaries= testes
ovum= sperm cell
labia majora= scrotum
labia minora= spongy urethra
vestibule= intermidiate urethra
bulb of vestibule= corpus spongiosum
clitoris= glans penis |
|
|
Term
mammary glands
location and function and route |
|
Definition
modified sweat glands
ligaments protected by fatty tissue (adipose)
milk leaves nipple |
|
|
Term
breast tissue response to
estrogen
prolactin
oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glandular structures and transport
lobules
areola and nipple
secretions in non pregnant woman
why, when man produce secretions |
|
Definition
lobules produce secretions
lactiferous sinuses collect secretion
ducts transport secretion
indicate pituitary malfunction |
|
|
Term
process of lactation and breast feeding
roles of prolactin and oxytocin |
|
Definition
prolactin produce
milk released in response to oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when mother hears baby cry, or thinks of nursing her baby |
|
|
Term
first secretion after giving birth?
what protects against infectious diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lactation and positive feedback mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
benign breast conditions
fibrocystic breasts
fibro adenomas
cysts |
|
Definition
cystic- common ages 30 -50 60 percent of women breast exam mammogram ultrasouund biopsy pain med birth control supportive bra
adenomas women under 30
1 to several cm
one or more or in both
rubbery
increase during pregnancy
wait and see
disappear on own |
|
|
Term
ovarian cycle
uterine cycle
how each effects the other
ifluences, controls cycle
length determined of individual cycle |
|
Definition
ovarian -events that occur in the ovary as eggs mature
FSH and Lh
release ovarian hormones
uterine- by ovarian hormones
estrogen and progesterone
causes change to endometrium |
|
|
Term
release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest levels
-leptin |
|
Definition
fatty tissue
allows gnrh to be released |
|
|
Term
release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest level
-GnRH |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus regulating female reproductive cycle |
|
|
Term
release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest level
-FSH |
|
Definition
anterior pit
stimulates follicle cell growth in ovary
12-14 |
|
|
Term
release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest level
-LH |
|
Definition
anterior pit
cause mature follicle to burst
12-14 |
|
|
Term
release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest level
-estrogen |
|
Definition
maturing follicle
causes build up of uterine lining
regulates development
10-12 |
|
|
Term
release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest level
-progesterone |
|
Definition
maturing follicle
effects development of endometrium
20-24 |
|
|
Term
release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest level
-inhibin |
|
Definition
corpus luteum
inhibits FSH relese |
|
|
Term
release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest level
-relaxin |
|
Definition
corpus luteum follicles
cartilage to relax during birth
quiets smooth muscle
aids implantation |
|
|
Term
| release,produce hormone- actions- lowest and highest level fig 18.6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hormones act as controls for cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when/ how negative feedback used for regulation of cycle |
|
Definition
fsh released from ant pit
estrogen released from ovarion follicle
estrogen peaks
ant releases lh
ovulation stimulates production of progesterone |
|
|
Term
| how cycle changes during pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
menstrual phase
ovarian: follicular
uterine: menstruation |
|
Definition
ovarian follic- increased level of fsh develops ovarian follicles
low levels of hormones impair blood flow-stratum functionalis |
|
|
Term
preovulatory phase
ovarian: follicular
uterine: proliferative |
|
Definition
o= follicle increase release 2 oocyte trigger lh secretion
u= endom repairs estrogen repair blood vessels
strum funtionlais increases |
|
|
Term
ovulation
what occurs, signs,
how formed: corpus-
hemmoragicum
luteum
albicans fig 18.12 |
|
Definition
rupture of graafian follicle and release 2 oocyte
corpus hemorrhagium |
|
|
Term
ovarian: ovulation
uterine: proliferative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
post ovulatory phase
ovarian: luteal
uterine: secretory |
|
Definition
estr and proge released
thickening of endometrium |
|
|
Term
no implantation
implantation |
|
Definition
corpus albicans fsh lh rise
hcg maintain health of corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
hormone produced by embryo
action
importance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
amenorrhea
primary-secondary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dysmennorrhea
primary-secondary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disordered eating, (no leptin produced) amenorrhea ( no estrogen produced) osteoporosis (from lack of estrogen) |
|
|
Term
PMS v PMDD
birth control for disorders |
|
Definition
pms emotional distress
pmdd interfere with normal activity |
|
|
Term
microwave endometrive ablation
dilation and cutterage
- difference and what it could treat
why hysterectomy extreme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strict definition of Birth control v contraception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mechanisms of birth control
-preventing sperm form entering female
-preventing sperm from fertilizing an ovum once enter female
-preventing ovulation/ ovum reaching sperm
-preventing progression of a fertilized egg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
surgical sterilization
tubal ligation
vasectomy
essure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transdermal birth control patch ortho evra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| emergency hormonal contraceptive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
spermicides
what are they
act as birth control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| female condom or vaginal pouch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vaginal contraceptive sponge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fertility awareness methods- what are they- goal- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calendar or rhythm method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| billings/ cervical mucus/ ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pros and cons of fertility awareness
why behavior modification techniques
instruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
additional behavior modification technique
withdrawal method- what is it- why risky- why ineffective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 phases of human sexual repsonse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
arousal/ excitement
what initiates this
what changes occur
role of cGMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
male have 2 phases
emission
expulsion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sexual dysfunction
what is it
when occur
common treatments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sexual desire disorder
hypo-active
persistent
sexual aversion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
orgasmic disorders
anorgasma
persistent orgasmic syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sexual pain disorders
dyspareunia
vaginismus
vulvodynia
chronic pelvic pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changing antidepressant medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erectile dysfunction medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sexual identity and expression
gender
sex
gender identity
gender dysphoria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sexual orientation
hetero
homo
bi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sexual expression
what is it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
with a partner
petting
vaginal intercourse
anal intercourse
oral-genital stimulation
use of sex toys |
|
Definition
|
|
