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Biology Final
Biology Final
197
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/13/2014

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Term
Autotrophic
Definition
Capable of making their own food
Term
Charophyceans
Definition
Plants closely related to aquatic algae
Term

Plants are...

(3)

Definition

1. Terrestrial (Land-dwelling)

2. Autotrophic

3. Multicelular Eukaryotes

Term
Coleochaete
Definition
Shallow edges of pongs, can withstand drying
Term
4 General Classification of Plants
Definition

1. Mosses (Bryophytes)

2. Ferns

3. Gymnosperms

4. Angiosperms

Term
Vascular System
Definition

"Fluid transport" system

Consists of 2 parts: Xylem, Phloem

Term
Xylem
Definition
  • Carries water and nutrients from roots to leaves
  • Hollow tubes: Arranged end to end, dead at maturity
  • Tracheids
  • Vessel Elements 
  • Water moves upward from the roots through the xylem: H2O is able to move up to the top of the tree because of HYDROGEN BONDS (COHESION)

 

Term
Phloem
Definition
  • Carries glucose from leaves and distributes to rest of plant
  • Living tissue
  • Arranged end to end like tubes
  • Carries the "food" for the plant
  • Sugar source ---> Sugar sink 
Term
Sap/ Syrup
Definition
  • Pass the phloem sap please!
  • Sugar, Red, and Black Maples
  • Early spring sap colleted (2-3%surcose)
  • Sap boiled unti concentration = 65-75% sugar
  • Takes between 30-50 L of sap to make 1 L of syrup 
Term
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Definition
  • Very early/Primitive land plants
  • No Vacular system --> must remain small - close to H2)
  • No cuticle, no seeds (spores)
  • Completely dependent on water for fertilizaiton/reproduction
  • SEEDLESS/NONVASCULAR
  • Peat: Burned for fuel (heating), smoky flavor in Scotch whisky 
Term
Ferns
Definition
  • Evolved after mosses
  • Adapted to slightly drier environment
  • Vasulcar system
  • Cuticle, no seeds (spores)
  • Partially dependent on water to reproduce
  • SEEDLESS/VASCULAR
  • Sporangia: Spore-producing bodies
Term
Gymnospers
Definition
  • Conifers
  • Evolved after Ferns
  • SEED-BEARING/VASCULAR
Term
Angiosperms
Definition
  • Flowering Plants
  • Evolved after Gymnosperms
  • SEED-BEARING/VASCULAR
Term
Annual
Definition
Germinates, flowers, set seekds and dies in 1 growing season
Term
Biennial
Definition
Germinates, grows first season, storing up energy undergroud. Second spring plants use energy to quickly bloom (bolting) set seed and die
Term
Perennial
Definition

Grows for several seaons until mature. Blooms and sets seeds for years 

Notablie Perennials: Giant Sequoia "General Sherman" Tree, 2,500 years old = Biggest

Bristlecone Pines (>4,750 years old) = Oldest 

Term
Primary Growth
Definition
  • Growth in length (in shoots & roots)
  • Herbaceous = No true wood 
  • Originates ONLY at meristems (mitosis) 
Term
Meristems
Definition
Cells that divide and generate new cell/tissues. Responsible for growth in all plants
Term
Secondary Growth
Definition
  • Growth in width (Thickness)
  • Stems and roots
  • Vascular camibum adds girth, pushing outer later farther out
  • Produces annual growth rings 
Term
Tropisms
Definition
Directional growth responses that cause parts of a plant to grow toward or away from a stimulus
Term
Thigmotropism
Definition
Response to touch
Term
Phototropism
Definition
Growth toward the light
Term
Higher Auxin Concentration...
Definition
Rapid growth on shaded side --> curve toward the light 
Term
Gravitropism
Definition
Response to gravity
Term
Hypothesis
Definition

Educated guess to explain a problem 

GUESS

Term
Law
Definition

A set of observed regularities expressed in a concise verbal or mathematica statement 

DESCRIBE

Ex. Law of gravity

Term
Theory
Definition

An explanation for an observation or series of obversations that is substantiated by a considerable body of evidence

EXPLAIN

Term
Dogma
Definition
Is not tested - beliefs
Term
Science
Definition
Is limited to things we can measure, test.
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
  • Voyage of The Beagle 
  • Reading list: Charles Lyell's "Principles of Geology," and The Bible
  • Observations: Marine fossils (sea snails) embedded at the height of 13,210 feet, geological observations of south america
  • Galapagos Islands - Darwin's Finches: Ground finch - large beak for cracking seeds on the ground, Small tree finch - Uses beak to grasp incests, Woodpecker finch - uses tools to hunt fer termites and other insects 
Term
Lamarck
Definition
  • Stressed "acquired traits" (wrong): eg. giraffes stretched their necks to feed and "acquired" longer necks, babies had longer necks
  • felt that organisms could CHANGE THEIR TRAITS and PASS ON THESE CHANGES to offspring
  • Got the genetics wrong
  • But, said species changed to be better suited to environment - right! 
Term
Artifical Selection
Definition
Selected breeding in domesticated species to achieve desired traits
Term
Darwinian Fitness
Definition
...and reproduction of fertile offspring. Survival of the fittest?
Term
Fitness
Definition
  • Survival & Reproduction = An organism's contribution of genetic information to future generations
  • Darwin 
Term
Darwin
Definition
  • Descent with modification (tree of life) - 1859 
Term
The Fossial Record
Definition
  • Gives us real dates (radiometric dating)
  • Earth is OLD - Earliest fossils (prokaryotes/bacteria) 3.5 billion years
  • 1. Sedimentary rocks form, 2. Additional strata added over time, 3. Sea levels change, sedimentary rocks exposed
  • Younger, more complex - Older, simpler 
Term
Transitional Forms
Definition
Linking past and present
Term
Intermediate forms of organisms
Definition

Missing links - found

ex. Basilosaurus fossil (egypt and Pakistan)

Term
Comparative Anatomy
Definition
Comparison of body structures in different species
Term
Homology
Definition

Similarity in structure due to common ancestry 

 

Term
Homologous structures
Definition
  • Forelimbs of diverse mammals
  • Show common ancestry
  • Derived rom a common ancestral structure
  • May have specialized into different functions
  • Backbone, pelvic girdle, coccyx (bones where may other mammals have a tail), thighbone attached to pelvic girdle, small bone attached to pelvic girdle 
Term
Vestigial Structures
Definition
  • Come from an ancestral species
  • No longer serve an fuction
  • Are neutral traits, not harmful, and thus not "selected against" in origins of new species: applendix, hip bones in Pythones - Whales, ear muscles in humans
Term
Biogeography
Definition
  • Biology <--> Geography
  • The geographic distribution of species
  • Species on Galapagos more similar to species south american mainland (than to species from other, more distant islands), austrailia's large marsupial population 
Term
Embryology
Definition
  • Animals only, especially the vertebrates
  • The more closely related 2 species are the more similar their embryo will be for a longer period of development 
Term
Molecular Biology
Definition
  • Counts mutations to an important gene
  • Can compare any living species, or fossil tissues that still have DNA
  • Shows how closely they are related 
Term
Evolution
Definition

Change in allele frequencies over time

Alleles are not good or bad

Individuals don't evolve...populations over time do! 

Term
Result of natural selection...
Definition
...Evolutionary adaptation
Term
Adaptations
Definition

Traits that have been subjected to natural selection 

eg. spines on a cactus, prevent predation, reflect light, reduce water loss, "catch" condensation 

Term
Example of evolutionary adaptation...
Definition

...Camouflage

Ex. tree mantid - Trinidad, Leaf Mantid - Costa Rica, Flower Mantid - Malaysia 

Term
Directional Selection
Definition

Shifts overall makeup of population by favoring 1 extreme 

Eg. ocal environment changes/migration 

Term
Outcomes of Natural Selection
Definition
  1. Directional Selection
  2. Disruptive Selection 
  3. Stabilizing Selection
Term
Disruptive Selection
Definition

Favors opposite extremes over intermediate

eg. patchy enviroments, lead to 2 beak sizes in Cameroon finches 

Term
Stabilizing Selection
Definition
Removes the extremes from the population. Resisting change in well-adapted populations
Term

Types of Selection 

(2) 

Definition
Environmental selection, Sexual selection
Term
Sexual Selection
Definition
Mating preferences - drive selection
Term
Environmental Selection
Definition

External pressure from environment - Driving selection 

(Food, disease, climate, predators)

Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
  • Change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
  • Does not increase fitness
  • Another mechanism of evolution
Term
Bottleneck Effect
Definition
  • Large population reduced by disaster
  • A few survivors regrow the population, but with much less diversity (by chance some alleles are present, some are lost)
  • eg. Cheetah - loss of variation, less adaptability 
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
  • Establishment of a new colony whose gene poo differs from the parent population
  • the genes present in the small population affect the gene pool of the new population
  • Phenotypes of original population. a seabird carries a few seeds, stuck to its feathers, from the mainland to a remote oceanic island. Phenotype of new island population 
Term
Alleles
Definition
  • Gene forms
  • Not necessarily good or bad
  • Whether an allele has a postivie effect on an organism fitness often dependson the environmental conditions at the time! 
  • eg. fur color in tulus
Term
What is an Animal?
Definition
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Multicellular 
  3. Heterotropic Organisms ( Obtain mutrients by ingestion) 
  4. Most animals have muscle and nerve cells
  5. Enhanced feeding, search for/chase food, most complex brains
Term

Animal Diets 

(3) 

Definition
  1. Carnivores
  2. Herbivores
  3. Omnivores
Term
Carnivores
Definition
Animals that eat other animals
Term
Herbivores
Definition
Animals that eat Producers
Term
Omnivores
Definition
Animals that eat plants and animals
Term
Most animals reproduce...
Definition
  • ...sexually! And undergo embryonic development
  • Some undergo metamorphosis
  • Larva: Sexually immature form of an animal, anatomically distinct from adult form, different food/habitat, different mobility
Term

Body Symmetry 

(2) 

Definition
  1. Radial symmetry, Bilateral symmetry
  2. FORM FITS FUNCTION
Term
Radial Symmetry
Definition
  • 1/4ths, 4ths
  • Identical all around central axis
  • Many are sessile (attached to substratum) or drifting/weakly swimming animals - eg. plankton
  • Adapted to acquire food from any side 
Term
Bilateral Symmetry
Definition
  • 1/2, Left/right side
  • Most are active movers
  • Most have a head end
  • adapted for movement (swimming, crawling, burrowing)
Term
Vertebrates
Definition

Animals with a backbone: reptiles, mammals, birds, fish, amphibians

<5%

Term
Invertebreates
Definition

Plenty of diverse feature but...NO backbone

95%

Sponges, Cnidarians, Nematodes,  Anelids, Molluscs, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Flatworms

Term
Sponges
Definition
  • Filter feeders
  • Simplest animals - no muscles, no nerves, brain
  • Sessile as adults
Term
Cnidarians
Definition
  • Radial symmetry
  • Tentiacles with stingers (nematocysts)
  • Have simple muscle-life contractile cells
  • Have Polyp (stationary) and Medusa (floating) forms: Corals are Polyps forms, sea jellies are medusa forms
Term
Nematodes
Definition
  • Roundworms
  • Bilateral symmetry, Cephalized (has a head), Soil (decomposers), parasites on plant roots as well as human parasites too
  • 1. A free-living roundworm, 2. Parasitic roundworms in pork, 3. Canine heart infected with parasitic roundworms
Term
Annelids
Definition
  • Segmented worms, complete digestive tract
  • Earthworms - Giant Australian earthworm, Polychaetes - Christmas tree worm, Leeches -Europeam freshwater leech
Term
Molluscs
Definition
  • Soft-bodied: Shell may be external exoskeleton (eg.clam), she may be interal (eg. octopus), gills 
  • Gastropods - snail, sea slug, Bivavles (hinged shell) - Scallop, Cephalopods (large brain and tentacles) - Octopus, squid
Term
Arthropods
Definition
  • Segemented body plans
  • Hardened exoskeleton of chitin molting between stages
  • 2 out of 3 species are arthropods! Estimated pop = a billion billion (10^18)
  • Major groups: Arachnids, crustaceans, Millipedes and Centipedes, insects
Term
Echinoderms
Definition
  • Spiny skin
  • Sea star, sea urchin(tube feet), sand dollar, Sea cucumber (radial-like symmetry, hardened spine skin, internal skeleton [endoskeleton], tube feet)
Term
Flatworms
Definition
  • Bilater symmetry
  • Tapeworm (reproductive unit with skin removed, head, suckers, hooks), Planarian (digestive tract [gastrovascular cavity], nerve cords, mouth, eyespots [detects light], nervous tissue cluster [simple brain], blue fluke
Term
Reptiles
Definition
  • Limited ability to regulate temperature
  • Small, primitive brains
  • Little investment in offspring
  • Poor adataions to cold; no hair or feathers
  • Lays eggs
  • eg. lizard, snakes, turtles
Term
Amphibians
Definition
  • Frogs, toads, salamanders
  • reguire moisture
  • Very sensitive skin
  • Poor adaptations to cold
  • Lay eggs
Term
Birds
Definition
  • Control heat loss with feathers
  • Mobile in air, water and land
  • Hollow bones
  • Digest quickly
  • Lay eggs for young 
Term
Fish
Definition
  • Primarily in water
  • Absorb O2 from water using gills
  • Small, primitive brains
  • Some eggs, some live births
Term
Mammals
Definition
  • Best at regulating temperature
  • Adapt to cold conditions
  • Bear live young
  • Invest time in raising, training young
  • Mental plasticity - learning
  • Lactation
Term
Cells have...
Definition
...different forms to carry out... different functions!
Term
Form fits function
Definition
  • Bird's form makes flight possible
  • Bones: Honeycombed construction, lightweight but strong
  • Xylem: Water transport tissue in plants form makes water transport possible 
Term
External environments cange all the time but,...
Definition
...organisms must maintin their internal environment
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
"Steady state" = Stable operating conditions in the internal environment
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
  • More Common
  • A response that reduces a stimulues (control of room temp)
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
  • Less common
  • response that intensifies a stimulus (eg. contractions during childbirth)
Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
  • Maintenance of internal body temperature (within a tolerable range)
Term
How do we get a fever?
Definition
  • response to invading microorganisms
  • Immune system releases pyrogens (fire makers)
  • Pyrogens stimulate the control center to raise body temp = feber
  • AIDS in fighting viruses/infection
Term

Thermoregulators

(2)

Definition
Endoterms, Ectotherms
Term
Endotherms
Definition
  • Derive the majority of their body heat from metabolism
  • Maintain a fairly constant body temp
  • Incldes birds and mammels
Term
Ectotherms
Definition
  • Derive the majority of their body heat by absorbing it from their surroundings
  • Includes most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles
Term
Microevolution
Definition
Adaptation of populations
Term
Macroevolution
Definition
Multiplication of species, generating biological diversity
Term
Over time, changes in allee frequencies can lead to ...
Definition
...speciation!
Term
Speciation
Definition
  • The divergence of one species into 2 or more
  • The origin of new species 
Term
What is a species?
Definition
  • Species: Latin for kind or apperance
Term
Biological Species Concept
Definition
  • Populations or organisms belong to the same species if they can: interbreed (mate), produce fertile offsping...in a natural setting
  • Problems: Impractical - Not valid for extinct species, Asexual species, Remote population
  • Solutions: Observable and measureable trains (for fossils), ecological niches (role in the environment), genetic similarities (DNA)
Term
Populations of one species can become different species through...
Definition
...reproductive Isolation
Term
Reproductivve isolating mechanisms
Definition
Any heritabel feature of: Body plan, function, or behavior - that PREVENTS interbreeding between popuations
Term
Behavioral Isolation
Definition
Change in behavior that reproductively isolates one group of organisms from others (change in courtship dances)
Term
Temporal Isolation
Definition

Change in timing of mating

ex. fish example - Western Spotted Skunks (fall) and Eastern Spotted skunks (late winter)

Term
Habitat Isolation
Definition
Species occupy different habitats within the same area, encounter each other rarely, no mating (reproductive isolation)
Term
Mechanical Isolation
Definition

Morphological differences, prevent mating/pollination

ex. change in flower structure such that insect pollinator no longer "fits" flower 

Ex. California White Sage - Black sage = polinated by small bees (large bees can't fit on petal), white sage = Larger petal (landing platform) for larger Carpenter bees, if smaller bees land, they do not brush up against stamen (no pollen transfer)

Term
Gametic Isolation
Definition

Sperm and ova (eggs) are chemically incompatible and will not fuse

Proteins on surface of eggs and sperm cannot bind to each other, especially import in external fertilization

Ex. Red abalone - Male gamete contains protein (lysin) that dissolves a hole in egg envelope, but only from the same species

Term
Pre-Zygotic Barriers
Definition

Prevents successful mating and fertilization between species 

Behavioral Isolation, Temporal Isolation, Habitat Isolation, Mechanical Isolation, Gametic Isolation

 

Term
Post-Zygotic Barriers
Definition

Mechanism that operates should interspecies mating occur and form hybrid zygotes (fertilized egg0

Hybrid Animals: Male lion + female tiger = male/female liger

Term

Mechanisms of Speciation

(2)

Definition
Allopatric, Sympatric
Term
Allopatric Speciation
Definition
Geographic barrier physically separates populations, gene flow blocked
Term
Sympatric Speciation
Definition
  • Takes place within habitat of parent species
  • Reproductive barrier forms within a subset of population
  • Accidents during cell division = result in extra set of chromosomes (Polyploid [gametes can not back cross with parents, because meiosis needs homologous pairs])
  • Can occur in a single generation
  • Over 25% of plant species are Polyploid
Term

All things on Earth can be classified into...

(2)

Definition
Biotic, Abiotic
Term
Ecology
Definition
Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
Term
Biotic
Definition

Living

Mammals, birds, incests, plants, fungi, bacteria

Term
Abiotic
Definition

Nonliving

Wind, substrate, precipitation, sunlight, temperature, nutrients

Term
Hierarchy of Life
Definition

Earth

Biosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Populations

Organisms

Organ systems

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Molecules

Atoms 

Subatomic Particles

Term
Ecologists study interactions at several levels...
Definition

Ecosystems

Communities

Populations

Organisms

Term
Ecosystem
Definition
A community of species combined with their abotic (nonliving) environment
Term
Community
Definition
Populations of all the different species occupying a particular place at the same time
Term
Population
Definition
A group of interacting organisms of the same species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Term
Organism
Definition
Any single life form
Term
Biological Magnification
Definition
Toxins become more concentrated in each ink in the food chain
Term
1950's Chemical fertilizers & pesticides
Definition

Agricultural productivity (went up)

Insect-borne disease (went down)

DDT (miracle weapon)

However, DDT threatened survival of predatory birds and began showing up in human milk

Term
Environmentalism
Definition
Advocacy for or work toward protecting the natural environment from pollution/destruction
Term
Silent Spring 1962
Definition

Rachel Carson 

The effect on pesticides on the nature

Term
Population Ecology
Definition
Factors that influcence a population's: Size (# of individuals), density (# individuals/unit area or volume), Growth rate (rate of change in population size), Structure (reative #s of individuals of different ages)
Term
Population Density
Definition

# individuals/unit area

Measuring: Count all individuals, Estimate density (1. count individuals in sample plots eg. alligators in km2, 2. Indirect indicators eg. Rodent burrows, bird nests) 

Term

Population Density 

Mark recapture Method

Definition

1. Place traps w/in population boundary

2. Mark captured animals (tag, colors, collers)

3. Release marked animals

4. Time passes...marked animals mix with population...set traps again

5. 2nd capture of marked and unmarked animals -> estimate pop.density

Term
Dispersion
Definition
The way individuals are spaced within a population's geographic range
Term
Patterns of Dispersion
Definition
Clumped, Uniform, Random
Term
Clumped
Definition
Results from unequal distribution of resources
Term
Uniform
Definition
Results from interactions among individuals in populations
Term
Random
Definition
Patternless, unpredictable
Term
Population Growth Models
Definition

Consider a single bacterium...

after 20 min: 1 becomes 2

After 40 min: 2 becomes 4

After 60 min: 4 becomes 8

After 1 1/2 days: You have enough bacteria t oform a layer 1ft. deep over the entire Earth

Term
Exponential Growth Model
Definition
Rate of expansion of population under ideal, unregulated conditions. Population multiplies by a constant factor during constant time intervals
Term
Logistic Growth Model
Definition

Idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors 

(hunting, prey)

Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition
# individuals in a population the environment can maintin ("carry") with no net (up or down)
Term
Density-Dependent Factors
Definition

Population-limiting factor whose effects intensify as the population rises in size

 

When population size rise ...clutch (eggs in a nest) size decreases = decrease in birth rates

Term
Density - independent factors
Definition

Population-limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to poulation density

 

Seasonal weather changes, abrupt environmental trauma (fire, flood, storm)

Term
Organisms differ in their biotic potential
Definition
Ability to produce offspring
Term
Low biotic potential
Definition
  • Large size
  • Slow development
  • Long-lived
  • Reproduction later in life
  • Few large offspring
  • Parental care
  • K-selected
Term
High biotic potential
Definition
  • Small size
  • Fast development
  • Short-lived
  • Reproduction early in life
  • Many small offspring
  • Not parental care
  • R-Selected
Term

Interactions among organisms

(2)

Definition
Intraspecific, Interspecific
Term
Intraspecific
Definition

Interactions within a species

ex. dominance competitions in male seals or competition for food among grazers

Term
Interspecific
Definition

Interactions between different species

ex. competition between penguins, seals, and orca for fish to eat

Term
Interspecific Interactions in Communities
Definition
Symbiotic relationships
Term
Symbiosis
Definition
"Living together" - an intimate interaction between 2 species
Term
Parasitism
Definition
One organism benefits, the other is harmed
Term
Mutualism
Definition
Symbiosis that benefits both partners
Term
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Definition
2 similar species that compete for the same limiting resources (same niche) cannot coexist in the same place
Term
The Ecological Niche
Definition
How a species uses the ciotic and abiotic resources in its environment
Term

When 2 species with identical niches compete...

 

Definition

1. Local extinction of less competitive species

2. One species evolves to use a different set of resources

Term
Resource Partitioning
Definition

Differentiation of niches that allows similar species to coexist in a community

All species feed on insects/small arthropods. Each species uses a different niche (feeds in a different location) = Competition for food minimzed 

Term
Trophic levels and the food pyramid
Definition

Tertiary Consumer

Secondary Consumer

Primary Consumer

Primary Producer

Term
Decomposers
Definition
Feed on dead producers and consumers. Recycle nutrients and biological molecules making them available to be used again by producers
Term
Energy stored in biological mass...
Definition

...Only about 10% of the E stored in biological mass at each trophic level is converted to biological mass at the next level. 

 

The other 90% of E is lost in transfer - mostly as heat

Term
Low efficiency of E transfer through the food pyramid
Definition
  • Fewer top carnibores than plants and herbivores
  • Top carnivores are often the first to suffer when the ecosystem is distrupted
  • Top carnivores are often the species most vulnerable to extinction
Term
Keystone species
Definition
  • Reduce the density of the strongest competitors
  • Help maintain species diversity
  • Have a drastic effect on the other species in that ecosystem
  • Pisaster ochraceus - Efficient predator of the common mussel, mytilus californicus. Removal of seastar, mussels increased. Overall diversity decreased
  • Sea otters
  • Wolves
Term
Blood, sweat, and tears all contain enzymes...
Definition
...that kill bacteria
Term
Everyday about 1,500 children die of...
Definition
...AIDS
Term
Vaccination reduced the number of smallpox cases from millions to zero in...
Definition
...1950s
Term
Healthy skin provides good protection from disease-causing...
Definition
...microorganisms
Term
Smallpox vaccine
Definition
  • Edward Jenner 1796
  • Vaccination/immunization: Immune system exposed to harmless version of pathogenic microbe, triggers immune response, creates antibodies, protected against (real) pathogen
Term
1st line of defense (External innate)
Definition
  • Prevent poreign invaders from getting inside
  • Physical barriers, chemical agents
Term
Physical Barriers
Definition
  • Outer layter of intact skin (most bacteria/viruses can't penetrate)
  • Hair in the nostrils (filter particles from air)
  • Mucous membranes: In respiratory and digestive track, sticky mucus traps bacteria, dust & other particles, cilia sweep mucus (and bacteria) outward - swallowed, expelled by coughing and sneezing
Term
Chemical Defenses
Definition
  • Nonspecific (Innate) defenses
  • Stomach acid (pH of about 3) - kills most bacteria swallowed
  • Sweat, saliva, and tears contain antimicrobial chemicals (ex. lysozyme - enzyme disrupts bacterial cell walls)
  • Oil/sweat glads make the skin acidic
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
  • Fights infection
  • Lymph nodes - saclike organs packed with WBC
  • Network of vessels
  • Lymph - fluid similar t ointerstitial fluid surrounding body cells
  • Bone marrow - makes your blood
Term
2nd line of defense (Internal innate)
Definition
  • Internal defenses (roaming patrols) cellular counterattack
  • Macrophages, natural killer cells, Proteins
Term
Macrophages
Definition
  • Phagocytic WBCs
  • Patrol in the blood, engulfing bacteria, viruses
Term
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Definition
  • WBCs
  • Destory infected cells (perforin)
Term
Proteins
Definition
  • Interferon - interfere with viral growth
  • Complement proteins - cause cells to lyse
Term
The Inflammatory Response
Definition
  • Trauma
  • Histamine & prostaglandins released
  • Vasodilation & leaky vessels (histamine)
  • Swelling, redness, pain (prostaglandins)
  • Phagocytes, fluid move in phagocytes engulf bacteria and cell debris
Term
Why do we get a fever?
Definition
  • The temperature response
  • Macrophages send a message to the brain to raise body's temperature (pyrogens, travel to hypothalamus, stimulate fever)
  • Fever inhibits microbial growth
  • Very high fevers are dangerous because they can denature proteins
  • Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic
Term
Self vs. nonself
Definition
  • Every cell in your body displays a "self" marker (Major histocompatibility complex MHC)
  • Immune System recognizes "YOU"
Term
Antigen
Definition
Foreign substance that elicits an immune response
Term
3rd line fo defense (adaptive defenses)
Definition
  • Primary Immune response (specific defenses)
  • 1st exposure to antigen
  • Humoral Immune Response (Antibody-mediated response)
  • Cell-mediated Immune Response
Term
Humoral response
Definition
  • B Lymphocytes (Bcells)
  • Originate & mature in bone marrow
  • Circulate in blood & lymph
  • Produces antibodies
Term
Cell-mediated immune response
Definition
T cells
Term
B cells and Clonal selection
Definition
  • Making an army of antibodies
  • B cells encounter antigens
  • B cells differentiate into effector cells
  • Antibodies secreted up to 2,000/second
  • Antibodies circulate in bloodstream
Term
Antibody
Definition
  • Protein that attaches (binds) to a particular antigen
  • Consists of 4 polypeptide chains. 2 long heavy chain, 2 short light chains
  • Y shape
  • The tip of the Y is the antigen binding sit
  • Antigen and antibody have complementary shapes...lock and key
  • Marks the antigen for destruction
  • Variable region has specific shape
Term
Clonal selection also produces...
Definition
...memory cells
Term
Memory cells
Definition
  • Can last decades
  • Elicit a faster and stronger response
  • Next time the antigen is encountered: secondary immune response
Term
But what if the antigen has already infected the cell?
Definition

Cell-mediated response

T cells respond to pathogens that have already entered body cells

Term
2 main types of T cells
Definition
Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells
Term
Helper T cells
Definition

1. First recognize the enemy...

Macrophage ingest micriobe

Displays self and nonself proteins on surface

Helper T cell binds to a self-nonself complex

2. Then...sound the alarm...and mobilize the army

Term
Cytotoxic T cells
Definition
  • T cells that kill other cells...
  • infected/transplanted cells display foreign antigens or (MHC) on surface
  • Cytotoxic T cell binds to infected cell
  • Cytotoxic T cell produces perforin - cell death
  • Programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Term
Active Immunity
Definition
  • Permanent
  • Body stimulated to produce antibodies
  • Exposure to antigen
  • Vaccination
  • Getting sick
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
  • Temporary
  • Receieve premade antibodies
  • Don't produce your own
  • Nursing infant
  • Antivenin
  • Traveling overseas
Term
Immune disorder
Definition
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Immune system can't distinguish self cells from nonself cells
  • Body attacks its own tissues
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (attacks joint tissue)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) T cells wrongly attack proteins in neurons
  • Type I diabetes - attacks insulin producing cells in pancreas
Term
Overactive Immune System
Definition
  • Allergies
  • Body mounts a major defnse against a harmless substance. Antigens = allergnes
  • Inflammatory response. Histamine ->sneezing, coughing, itching (take antihistamine)
  • Servere allergies - anaphylactic shock
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