Term
| Name 7 characteristics something must have to be considered alive |
|
Definition
1. Reproduction
2. Cells (interact w/other cells)
3. Genetic Info
4. Metabolize
4. Evolved
6. Regulate
7. Interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea have no nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Name the steps in the scientific process and how each is used. |
|
Definition
1. Make observations - occurs before experiment
2. Create Hypotheses - must be testable and have independent (treatment) and dependent (what is measured) variables.
3. Design Experiment - can be controlled or comparative. Controlled gives better data comparative gives real world data
4. Collect and Summarize Data
5. Analyze Results
6. Communicate Findings |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 Eukaryotic kingdoms and give examples of organisms found in each. |
|
Definition
1. Animal - (ingests food)
2. Plant - (makes food)
3. Fungi - (absorbs food)
4. Protest - (all other eukaryotes) |
|
|
Term
| Gives the rules for the proper form of a species binomial name |
|
Definition
Genus is capitlized, species isn't
Both are italicized
Genus can stand alone, species can't
Genus can be abbreviates with 1st inital after first use of the binomial |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds |
|
Definition
Covalent-strongest bond, share electrons that orbit both atoms indicated with a solid line
Ionic-weak bond, creates salts contains elements normally found as ions
Hydrogen-weakest bond, does not create molecules, changes molecules properties indicated with a dashed line |
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|
Term
| Draw the chemical structure of water including hydrogen bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, polar, and nonpolar |
|
Definition
Hydrophilic - water loving
Hydrophobic - water hating
polar - polar covalent bond electronics are shared unequally e.g. O2
nonpolar-nonpolar covalent bonds electrons are shared equally e.g. H2O |
|
|
Term
| Gives values for acidic, basic and neutral pHs |
|
Definition
Acidic - less than 7
Basic - 7
Neutral - more than 7 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 macromolecules/polymers found in organisms |
|
Definition
1. Proteins
2. Lipids
3. Carbohydrates
4. Nucleic Acids |
|
|
Term
| Name the monomers or subunits of which each macromolecule is formed |
|
Definition
1. Proteins-amino acids
2. Carbohydrates - Monosaccharide
3. Lipids - Triglycerides
4. Nucleic Acid - Nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of each type of macromolecule and its function |
|
Definition
Protein: Enzyme - catalyze reactions, transport, structural
Carbohydrate:Monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, polsaccharide, energy, transport, cell recognition, stores energy
Lipis: Steroids, cholesterol, pigments & vitamins, energy storage, repel water, cell membrane, captures light
Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA, ATP storage transmission, genetic information |
|
|
Term
| List the three parts of the cell theory |
|
Definition
1. Cells are fundamental units of life
2. All organisms are composed of cells
3. All cells come from preexisting cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between prokaryote/eukaryote cells and plant/animals cells |
|
Definition
| Prokaryote are archaea and bacteria, have no nucleus or organelles. Plant cells have chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole and plastids. Animals have centrioles and lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| Explain the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts |
|
Definition
| mitochondria and plastids arose when one cell engulfed another cell |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 types of molecules found in the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
1. phospholipid bilayer
2. Cholesterol
3. Proteins |
|
|
Term
| Draw a phospholipid bilayer. Label heads and tails which parts are hydrophobic and hydrophilic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
|
Definition
Simple diffusion - diffusion directly through the membrane, only to small uncharged molecules like water oxygen, CO
Facilitated Diffusion - molecules use proteins to cross the membrane, no energy is required can go either direction across membrane
Osmosis - Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Goes from high concentration to low concentration |
|
|
Term
| Describe Endocytosis and active transport |
|
Definition
Endocytosis - membrane folds around material and engulfs it
Active Transport - moves substance against concentration gradient, requires energy |
|
|
Term
| Explain hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic |
|
Definition
Hypertonic - high solute concentration
Isotonic - equal solute concentration
Hypotonic - low solute concentration |
|
|
Term
| Label components of a reaction |
|
Definition
Substrate - left side of equation
Enzyme - over the arrow
Products - right side of equation |
|
|
Term
| Give function of enzymes and explain how they work |
|
Definition
| Enzyme is a biological catalysts. Speeds up the rate of reactions by reducing the amount of energy required |
|
|
Term
| How do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity |
|
Definition
| pH and temperature change the shape of the enzyme and affects fluidity of bond |
|
|
Term
| Write the equation of aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
| c6h12o6+602 = co2+h2o+energy |
|
|
Term
| Explain step 1 of aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis - occurs in the cytoplasm starts with 6 carbons, 4 atp produced 2 consumed for net atp=2 and 2 pyruvate produced |
|
|
Term
| Explain step 2 of aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate Oxidation- takes place in mitochondria matrix, starts with 2 pyruvate and 3 carbons. Ends with acetyle coa and 2 carbons. NAD+ is reduced to NADH |
|
|
Term
| Explain step 3 of aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
| Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle) - takes place in mitochondria matrix. Starts with acetyle coa 2 carbons. Ends with 4co2 and 1 carbon each. NAD+ and FAD is reduced to 6 NADH and 2 FADH2. Makes 2 atp. |
|
|
Term
| Explain step 4 of aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
| Electron Transport-takes place in innermotichondrial membrane. Starting reactant is oxygen. Makes 28 atp, Electrons go through 5 proteins total of 6 steps, 6 enzymes |
|
|
Term
| How can cells produce ATP in the absence of oxygen |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic Respiration. Energy is harvested from glucose through lactic acid/fermentation |
|
|
Term
| Compare respiration in plants to respiration in animals. Equation? Location in cell? |
|
Definition
| Respiration in plants requires light + 6co2+6h20 and makes glucose. Plants use the calvin cycle. Happens in the reaction center. |
|
|
Term
| What colors of light are used by chlorophyll for photosynthesis? Why are plants green? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis uses red and blue lights. Not using green light that's why plants are green |
|
|
Term
| What is equation for photosynthesis and the role of each item. |
|
Definition
| light+6co2+6H20 enzyme is chlorophyll and makes glucose. light reactions makes ATP and NADPH. 6co2 is needed to calvin cycle. H2O used in light dependent reactions. |
|
|
Term
| List 2 steps of photosynthesis and give the location where each occurs |
|
Definition
1. light reactions occur in thylakoids creates ATP and NADPH
2. Light independent reactions occur in stroma. creates glucose and uses ATP & NADPH |
|
|
Term
| Draw the basic structure of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Draw the basic process of semiconservative DNA replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are homologous chromosomes |
|
Definition
| 2 separate chromosomes with the same gene |
|
|
Term
| What are sister chromatids |
|
Definition
| 2 identical double helices formed from duplication of original chromosome (replicated chromosome) |
|
|
Term
| Explain haploid and diploid cells |
|
Definition
| Diploid contains two of each size chromosome, haploid has one |
|
|
Term
| List the phases of the cell cycle |
|
Definition
1. Gap 1 - chromosomes are unreplicated
2. S phase - chromocomes duplicates into 2 sister chromatids
3. Gap 2 - cell prepares for mitosis
4. M phase - Microsis (division of nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm). All but mitosis is Interphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes 2 identical daughter cells, same as the parent. Used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produces haploid gametes, used in sexual reproduction offspring not identical to parents. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 differences in mitosis and meiosis |
|
Definition
1. Meiosis creates homologous pairs
2. Mitosis creates 2 daughter cells and meiosis creates 4 gametes cells.
3. Meiosis creates haploid cells
4. Crossing over occurs in meiosis
5. Meiosis has 2 phases of division |
|
|
Term
| Who was the father of genetics and what are his 2 laws of heredity |
|
Definition
Gregor Mendel -
1. Laws of inheritance
2. Law of independent assortment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not all particles for a trait are identical S or s |
|
|
Term
| Explain dominant and recessive |
|
Definition
| Dominant SS or Ss and Recessive is ss displayed |
|
|
Term
| What is homozygous and heterozygous |
|
Definition
Homozygous - 2 copies of the same allele
Heterozygous - 2 different alleles |
|
|
Term
| What is phenotype and genotype |
|
Definition
Genotype is the genetic makup
Phenotype is the physical appearnce from the gentic makeup (blue eyed, tall) |
|
|
Term
| Explain the one gene one polypeptide relationship |
|
Definition
| Each gene codes for a single polypeptide (protein) |
|
|
Term
| How do cells make other molecules needed for growth |
|
Definition
| using reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
|
|
Term
| List the steps in the central dogma of molecular biology and where it occurs |
|
Definition
1. Replication - nucleus
2. Transcription- nucleus
3. Translation - cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| List 3 differences between RNA and DNA |
|
Definition
1. DNA never leaves the nucleus
2. RNA transcribes and translates DNA
3. DNA is double stranded RNA is single |
|
|
Term
| Why does DNA always stay in the nucleus |
|
Definition
| keep it safe from enzymes that might damage it |
|
|
Term
| How does genetic information get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| messenger rna carries gene info to cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| How does DNA specify the amino acid sequence in a protein |
|
Definition
| through Translation - tRNA and rRNA |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 types of RNA and function of each |
|
Definition
mRNA-messenger carries gene info
tRNA-adapts the molecule for the correct amino acid/codon
rRNA - lines everything up and links amino acids together |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 steps of transcription |
|
Definition
1. - Initiation uses a promoter that marks the beginning of ag ene and RNA polymerase that unzips DNA and links RNA bases
2. Elongation - transcribes DNA 3' to 5' and synthesizes mRNA 5' to 3;
3. Termination - stops transcription at specific site |
|
|
Term
| What are the start codons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids are there in living things |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of 3 mRNA bases that code for 1 amino acid |
|
|
Term
| Do different types of organisms have different genetic codes? |
|
Definition
| No - all organisms use the same coding |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure and function of tRNA and ribosome |
|
Definition
tRNA - anticodon pairs a specific codon to mRNA
Ribosome - holds the mRNA and tRNA during translation "workbench" |
|
|
Term
| List 3 steps of translation |
|
Definition
1. Initiation - ribosome, mRNA and tRNA bound together
2. Elongation - tRNA matches next mRNA adds on
3. Termination - mRNA reaches stop codon no tRNA will bind to it
Several ribosomes can work on one mRNA at same time |
|
|
Term
| Which components of gene expression can be reused |
|
Definition
| All but T. U replaces the T in RNA |
|
|
Term
| Do dominant alleles become more common than recessive alleles over time? |
|
Definition
| No, dominant/recessive is unrelated to how common something is in a population |
|
|
Term
| Explain Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium principle |
|
Definition
| Allele frequencies do not change if mating is random, no mutation, migration, population size is large and no natural selection. Gives a basis to measure |
|
|
Term
| List the 5 assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg |
|
Definition
1. Mating is random
2. No mutation
3. No migration in/out of population
4. Population size is large
5. No natural selection |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of nonrandom mating |
|
Definition
| Individuals choose mates with particular phenotypes |
|
|
Term
| Explain the role of mutation in evolution |
|
Definition
| Origin of genetic variation. Mistakes in replication, if it benefits becomes more common and results in evolution |
|
|
Term
| What is gene flow and what are its consequences |
|
Definition
| migration of individuals moves alleles among populations. Maintains high genetic diversity to overcome environmental change hinders speciation |
|
|
Term
| What is genetic drift and when does it occur |
|
Definition
| random change in allele frequencies. Common in small populations |
|
|
Term
| Explain 2 cases of genetic drift |
|
Definition
1. Founder effect - genetic drift affects small populations that colonize in new region (fruit flies in N&S America
2. Population bottleneck-populations that become small have less variation when they grow again - natural disaster,disease |
|
|
Term
| Describe and give examples of stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection |
|
Definition
Stabilizing-medium phenotype becomes most common (human birth weights)
Directional - one extreme selected for trait (Texas Longhorn Cattle)
Disruptive - both extremes favored and medium becomes rare (black bellied seed crackers) |
|
|
Term
| Explain difference between a hypothesis, fact, law and theory |
|
Definition
Hypothesis - tentative explanation
Fact-simple observation that has been confirmed and accepted as true
Law-generalization from recurring facts
Theory-well tested explanation of how something occurs |
|
|
Term
| Explain 2 meanings to the word evolution |
|
Definition
1. Law of evolution - species change over time (organisms share a common ancestor)
2. Theory of evolution - natural selection is mechanism by which species change over time |
|
|
Term
| Describe pre-Darwin evolutionary thought by Lamarck |
|
Definition
| species acquired characteristics by having a need (giraffes gained longer necks by reaching for food) |
|
|
Term
| What was Darwin's voyage and what observations did he make? |
|
Definition
| The voyage of the Beagle 5 years. Observed that fossils were similar to but different from living species and differences in species by location |
|
|
Term
| Who was Alfred Russel Wallace |
|
Definition
| Proposed a theory almost identical to Darwin. Joined with Darwin to present paper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Survival and # of offspring that successfully reach adulthood |
|
|
Term
| How does adaptation occur |
|
Definition
| adaptation is characteristic and process. Increase in frequency because it benefits the species |
|
|
Term
| Does the process of natural selection happen to individuals or groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of natural selection that leads to adaptation |
|
Definition
| natural selection favored light moths prior to pollution after the dark moths did better |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 types of evidence to support evolution |
|
Definition
1. Fossil records
2. Development - embryos
3. Comparative Anatomy - similarities in form
4. Genetic and Molecular Biology - comparison of DNA |
|
|
Term
| Explain Homologous structure |
|
Definition
| features shared by two or more species that were inherited from a common ancestor - vertebrate forelimbs |
|
|
Term
| Explain Vestigial Structures |
|
Definition
| Structures that had a function in an ancestor that no longer have a function - human tailbone |
|
|
Term
| Explain Analogous structure |
|
Definition
| not evolved from common ancestor - bat and bird wings |
|
|
Term
| Explain Divergent Evolution |
|
Definition
| traits are changed for a different use - |
|
|
Term
| Explain Convergent evolution |
|
Definition
| similar environmental pressures may favor similar characteristics in unrelated groups |
|
|
Term
| Explain evolutionary reversal |
|
Definition
| Loss of structures present in ancestor - loss of legs in whales |
|
|
Term
| Give useful applications of evolution research |
|
Definition
Develop crops and agricultural practices
Develop industrial processes
Understand anatomy and physiology
understand diversity of life and relationship to each other |
|
|
Term
| Explain 3 definitions of species |
|
Definition
1. Morphological species - species have similar physical traits
2. Lineage species - species begin at event of evolutionary tree and end at extinction
3. Biological species - species will only breed within their species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetically different but can still interbreed (brown bear vs. grizzly bear) |
|
|
Term
| What is speciation and what condition is required for it to occur |
|
Definition
| process by which a species splits - must have reproductive isolation |
|
|
Term
| How do genetic incompatibilities arise and spread in a population |
|
Definition
| alleles that are compatible with the parent population but not with the other daughter population. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation |
|
Definition
| allopatric occurs when species are separated by a physical barrier, sympatric species are not physically isolated |
|
|
Term
| Give example of allolpatric speciation |
|
Definition
| Grand canyon - different squirrels on each side |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of sympatric speciation |
|
Definition
| apple maggot fly switched to hawthorn apple due to finding mates at the same food source |
|
|
Term
| How does polyploidy lead to speciation |
|
Definition
| hybrid forms or one species chromosomes doubles. Common in plants. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between prexygotic and postxygotic mechanisms for preventing hybrids between species |
|
Definition
| Prezygotic operation before fertilization occurs. Postzygotic reduces survival and offspring |
|
|
Term
| Describe 5 types of prezygotic barriers |
|
Definition
1. Habitat isolation-don't nest or feed together
2. Temporal isolation - mating periods don't overlap
3. Mechanical isolation - difference in shape/size of reproductive organs
4. Gametic isolation-sperm can't attach or penetrate egg
5. Behavioral isolation-fail to recognize potential mating partners |
|
|
Term
| Describe 3 types of postzygotic barriers |
|
Definition
1. Low hybrid zygote viability-failure to mature or severe abnormalities
2. Low hybrid adult viability-lower survival rate
3. Hybrid infertility-hybrids survive but can't reproduce |
|
|
Term
| Explain adaptive radiation |
|
Definition
| proliferation of large number of species from single ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| Where is adaptive radiation likely to occur |
|
Definition
| abundant and diverse resources. Following mass extinctions, new areas (hawaii) |
|
|
Term
| Explain difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium |
|
Definition
| Gradualism changes slowly but continuously over time-punctuated stays the same for a long time then changes rapidly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between abiotic and biotic environment |
|
Definition
abiotic-physical and chemical parts of environment (temp, light, fertilizer)
biotic-living parts of environment (predators, competitors, parasites_ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of individuals of the same species living in the same area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interactions between different species living in the same area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interactions of all organisms in an area plus their physical environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All regions of the planet where organisms live |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between clumped, regular, and random dispersion |
|
Definition
Clumped-presence of one individual that increases probability of another one being near(elk,deer)
Regular-presence of one reduces probability of one being near (cheetahs, mtn lions_
Random-equal probability (grasshoppers, flies) |
|
|
Term
| Explain Type I, II and II survivorship |
|
Definition
Type I high survivorship through adulthood (humans)
Type II constant risk of mortality at all ages (mice, rabbits
Type III low juvenile survivorship (turtle, salmon) |
|
|
Term
| Explain carrying capacity |
|
Definition
| maximum population that can be supported by resources available |
|
|
Term
| How can we manage populations of beneficial & harmful species |
|
Definition
Beneficial Keep at 1/2K
K=carrying capacity
Harmful - reduce K |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between density dependent and independent factors that limit populations |
|
Definition
Dependent-effections are proportional to density of population (disease, competition)
Independent-effects are same at all densities (storm, drouts, fires) |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between r and K strategists |
|
Definition
| R is high population growth rate (flies, mice weeds) K is slow population that remains near carrying capacity (humans, big trees) |
|
|
Term
| What steps can humans do to ensure survival of metapopulations |
|
Definition
| allow for species migration through corridors |
|
|
Term
| What might limit the future carrying capacity of humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ecological footprint |
|
Definition
| acreage needed to provide all the resources used by one person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One species is harmed the other benefits (ticks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both species lose energy (bear and wolves fighting over meat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both species benefit (plants, bees) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one species benefits the other is unaffected (barnacles on whales) |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between interference competition and exploitation competition |
|
Definition
Interference - fighting over resource
Exploitation-one species obtains resource more efficiently |
|
|
Term
| Explain difference between intraspecific & interspecific competition |
|
Definition
Intraspecific-within a species
Interspecific-between species |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between Batesian & Mullerian mimicry |
|
Definition
Batesian-harmless species mimic toxic species (fly that looks like a bee)
Mullerian mimicry-toxic species mimic other toxic species (all been, wasps hornets are yellow and black) |
|
|
Term
| Explain how 2 species can co-evolve |
|
Definition
| Prey evolve to make them more difficult to catch, predator evolve with more effective ways to capture the prey |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between fundamental niche and realized niche |
|
Definition
fundamental-conditions where species could exist
Realized-species actually exist. Shells on the beach could exist further down |
|
|
Term
| What is the competitive exclusion principle |
|
Definition
| 2 species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely |
|
|
Term
| Explain trophic levels and give examples |
|
Definition
1. Primary producers-plants
2. Primary consumers-herbivores, moose
3. Secondary consumers-predators, humans, wolves |
|
|
Term
| Describe how energy/biomass change as they flow through each trophic level |
|
Definition
| More biomass in plants than animals. nutrients get recycled by energy lost cannot be recycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interactions of a predator can cause a cascade of effects on lower trophic levels (wolves in yellowstone reduced trees) |
|
|
Term
| How does removal of a keystone species affect diversity |
|
Definition
| upsets balance. if no sea stars mussels crowd out all other competitors |
|
|
Term
| Explain differences between primary & secondary succession |
|
Definition
Primary-colonization of a new area without soil (volcano)
Secondary-after disturbance in which soil remains (fire) |
|
|
Term
| Name examples of pioneer and climax communities |
|
Definition
Pioneer - r-strategists new habitat
Climax-k-strategists stable community persists for long period |
|
|
Term
| Explain greenhouse effect |
|
Definition
| Light from the sun heats up the earth's surface, heat is radiated back to space. Greenhouse gases trap some heat and keeps the earth warmer |
|
|
Term
| What are some primary greenhouse gases |
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor |
|
|
Term
| How is carbon added and removed to the atmosphere |
|
Definition
added by respiration of organisms, deforestation, forest fires, volcanoes, fossil fuels.
Removed-photosynthesis, ocean, animals shells |
|
|
Term
| How does global warming occur? |
|
Definition
| buildup of atmospheric CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What are some effects of global warming |
|
Definition
| species going extinct, oceans more acidic, glaciers melting, drought, more disease & hurricanes |
|
|
Term
| Explain how human activity has led to eutrophication and acid rain |
|
Definition
| use of fertilizers and animal/human wastes and acid rain from burning fossil fuels |
|
|
Term
| What 2 components are used to measure diversity |
|
Definition
1. Species richness
2. Species evenness |
|
|
Term
| How do humans benefit from biodiversity |
|
Definition
| resources, scientific study, recreation |
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|
