Term
| What are Mendel's laws of segregation? |
|
Definition
-Factors separate during formation of gametes
-Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors
-fertilization gives each new individual 2 factors for each trait |
|
|
Term
| All genes on an allele form a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of co/incomplete dominance? |
|
Definition
co - AB blood
incomplete - straight/curly make wavy hair |
|
|
Term
What is polygenic inheriance?
Exs |
|
Definition
-controlled by 2 sets of alleles
-codes for a product and effects a re additives
-ex: human height, skin pigmentation |
|
|
Term
In terms of skin color, when does a child have very dark, light, and medium brown skin?
LAST CARD FOR CH 23 |
|
Definition
AABB-very dark skin
AabB-medium brown
bbAA-medium brown
AaBb- light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the molecular material of heredity |
|
|
Term
What is the term for how DNA replicates?
What does this mean? |
|
Definition
semi-conservative replication
consists of one new chain of nucleotides, one from the parent molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Before replication befings, the 2 strands of the parent molecule are hydrogen-bonded together
-Enzyme helicase unwinds and "unzips" double-stranded DNA
-New DNA nucleotides fit into place along divided strands by complementary base pairing
-new nucleotides form bonds with the existing ones via DNA polymerase
-DNA ligase repairs any breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone
-two daughter DNA molecules form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of sugar does DNA and RNA have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bases in DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
DNA - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
RNA - adenine, thymine, cytosine, uracil |
|
|
Term
| What do DNA and RNA strands look like? |
|
Definition
DNA - double stranded with base pairing
RNA - single stranded |
|
|
Term
| Which is a helix: DNA or RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does transcription occur? |
|
Definition
-segment of DNA serves as a template for the production of mRNA
-mRNA:
-RNA polymerase binds to a promoter
-DNA heliz opened so complementary base pairing can occur
-RNA polymerase joins new RNA nucletodies in a sequence complementary to that on the DNA
-Then, mRNA is processed by...
-primary mRNA becomes mature mRNA
-contains bases complementary to both intron and exon segments of DNA
-intron sequences are removed
-poly-A tail is added
-ribozyme splices enzymes together |
|
|
Term
| Name the processes of gene expression in order |
|
Definition
1. transcription
2. translation |
|
|
Term
| How many different nucleotides are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -each 3-nucleotide unit of an mRNA molecule |
|
|
Term
What are amino acids that have numerous code words?
What do these do? |
|
Definition
redundant code
provides some protection against mutations |
|
|
Term
| There are ___ stop codons to signal polypeptide termination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the codon that signals polypeptide termination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does translation occur before the three steps? |
|
Definition
-tRNA transports amino acids to ribosomes
-single strnaded nucleic acid thatcorrelates a specific nucleotide sequence with a specific amino acid
-amino acid binds to one end, the opposite end has an anticodon
-ribosome has a binding site for mRNA and 2 tRNAs, facilitate comp. base pairing
-ribosome moves along mRNA and new tRNAs come in and line up in order
-this brings amino acids in line in a specific order to form a polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| T/F: In no way shape or form can 1 polypeptide be made in translation |
|
Definition
| F. several ribosomes may move along the same RNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps of translation? (just name) |
|
Definition
-chain initiation
-chain elongation
-chain termination |
|
|
Term
| How does chain initiation occur? |
|
Definition
-small ribosomal subunit attaches to RNA at the start codon
-anticodon of the initiator tRNA-methionine complex binds to start codon
-large ribosomal subunit joins to the small subunit |
|
|
Term
| How does chain elongation occur? |
|
Definition
-amino acids are added one at a time
-each tRNA amino acid complex at the second binding site receives a peptide from tRNA at the first binding site
-this tRNA breaks away, and the ribosome moves forward one codon
-the tRNA at the second binding site now occupies the first site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of the ribosome from one codon to the next |
|
|
Term
| How does chain termination work? |
|
Definition
-occurs at the stop codon
-polypeptide is cleaved by an enzyme from the last tRNA
-ribosome dissociates into 2 subunits |
|
|
Term
| Why are errors in gene replications rare? |
|
Definition
| DNA polymerase "proof reads" new strands and errors are cleaved out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-environmental influences
-radiation
-UV light
-chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Why are mutagen rates low? |
|
Definition
| DNA repair enzymes monitor and repair DNA |
|
|
Term
| Why are mutagen rates low? |
|
Definition
| DNA repair enzymes monitor and repair DNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the "jumping genes" that move to new locations and disrupt sequences called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two types of errors in DNA replication?
(Describe)
LAST CARD 24 |
|
Definition
point - different base, not as bad as
frameshift mutations - deleted base |
|
|
Term
| Why is gene expression studied in bacteria? |
|
Definition
| -simpler than eukaryortes |
|
|
Term
| All 3 enzymes for lactose metabolism are under the control of one promoter called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short DNA sequence where RNA polymerase first attaches |
|
|
Term
| The promoter and structural genes together are called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many structural genes are necessary for lactose metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ binds to the promoter and prevents the structural genes from being transcribed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When lactose is present, what happens? |
|
Definition
| the lac operon binds to the receptor protein, which frees the promoter site and RNA polymerase can bond, and transcription occurs |
|
|
Term
What are the enzyes that control essential metabolic enzymes or structual components that are needed all the time?
How much regulation is there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the levels of gene expression in eukaryotes? (name) |
|
Definition
-unpacking of DNA
-transcription
-mRNA processing
-translation
-protein activity |
|
|
Term
What is chromatin packing for?
Which level of gene control is it associated with? |
|
Definition
keep genes turned off
-unpacking of DNA |
|
|
Term
Define: heterochromatin
-which level of gene control is it associated with |
|
Definition
| -inactive genes located within darkly staining portions of chromatin (ex: Barr body) |
|
|
Term
Define: euchromatin
which level of gene control is it associated with? |
|
Definition
loosely packed areas of active genes
-still needs processing before transcription occurs |
|
|
Term
| Which level of gene control is most important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is gene control involved in...
transcription?
mRNA processing?
translation?
protein activity? |
|
Definition
-transcription factors/activators regulate enhancers/promoters
-diff patterns of exon splicing
-differences in the poly-A tails, specific hormones, or guanine cap how long an mRNA is available for translation
-some proteins must be activated after synthesis
-feedback controls regulate the activity of many proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of cancer cells? |
|
Definition
-form tumors resulting from uncontrolled growth
-no contact inhibition
-lack specialization
-abnormal nuclei
-spread to new locations
-no apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-encode for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis
-mutations result in over expression of genes
-codes for a protein that makes p53 unavailable, releases large amounts of cyclin |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of cells that stop cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define: angiogenesis
LAST CARD OF 25 |
|
Definition
| tumor cells release growth factors that stimulate vessel and capillary growth to deliver nutrients and oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual display of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
Types of karyotyping?
Describe |
|
Definition
-amniocentesis
-samples amniotic fluid for baby's cells
-chronic villi sampling
-samples from placenta |
|
|
Term
| How does one obtain a karyotype? |
|
Definition
-cells stimulated to divide
-chemical stops them at densest point
-cells are killed, stained, and viewed under a microscope
-computer organizes them by size, shape, and banding pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Either two chromosomes migrating to the same gamete in meiosis 1 or no division in meiosis 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| egg with 24 chromosomes fertilized with sperm with 23 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| egg with 22 chromosomes fertilized by sperm with 23 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What disorders can happen with nondisjunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only compatible trisomy with a reasonable chance of survival is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chances of survival are greatest if monosomy or trisomy involves... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment is turned 180 degrees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange between 2 non-homologues |
|
|
Term
| If you have down syndrome, it's likely from which parent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
Turner's syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
Jacob's syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
Klinefelter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
Jacob's syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
William's syndrome |
|
Definition
| chromosome 7 loses an end piece |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
criu du chat syndrome |
|
Definition
| chromosome 5 loses an end piece |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
Tay-Sachs disease |
|
Definition
| lack of hexsaminidase A, results in glycosphingolipid stored in lysosomes, results in retardation |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
defect in chloride channel proteins, results in thick, abnormal mucus production
mucus traps dirt, with abnormal production, bad |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
PKU |
|
Definition
| lack phenylalanine metabolism, affects nervous system development |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
sickle-cell anemia |
|
Definition
-abnormal hemoglobin, results in
-irregular red blood cells
-results in poor circulation of vessels
-results in internal hemorrhaging |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
Marfan syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
huntington disease |
|
Definition
| -too many copies of amino acid glutamine |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT ABNORMALITY:
Duchene's muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
-x-linkd
-absence of protein dystrophin |
|
|
Term
Types of hemophelia?
V/F: hemophelia is x-linked
LAST CARD 26 |
|
Definition
hemophilia A - no VIII factor
B - no IX factor
verum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-all organisms are composed of cells
-all take chemicals and energy from environment
-all reproduce, respond to stimuli, and evolve |
|
|
Term
When did prokaryotes first inhabit Earth?
Eukaryotes?
Multicellularity? |
|
Definition
3.5 billion
2.1 billion
700 million |
|
|
Term
| Most evolutionary events occurred in less than __% of the history of life! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sedimentary rock layers (fossils) |
|
|
Term
| Name the evidence we have for evolution |
|
Definition
-fossil evidence
-geological time scale
-mass extinctions
-biogeographical evidence
-anatomical evidence
-biochemical evidence |
|
|
Term
| Absolute and Relative Carbon dating are associated with which category of evidence of evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A mass extinction occurred in the ____ period
Clay from that period is high in ____, which leads scientist to believe that a ____ causing _____ |
|
Definition
Cretaceous
iridium
metorite hit Earth
the sun to be blocked |
|
|
Term
| How long ago were the continents Pangaea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What's a homologous structure?
Ex? |
|
Definition
same function/shape, means a common ancestor
Ex: human arm, whale forelimb |
|
|
Term
What an Analagous structure?
Ex? |
|
Definition
Same shape, different function
Ex: wings of a bird/bat |
|
|
Term
What's a vestigial structure?
Ex? |
|
Definition
Same shape, no function in another animal
-humans have a tailbone (coccyx) but no tail |
|
|
Term
| All organisms use what basic biochemical molecules? |
|
Definition
-DNA
-ATP
-nearly/identical enzymes
-many developmental genes
-Degree of similarity between DNA base sequences and amino acid sequences indicates the degree of relatedness |
|
|
Term
| Describe the miller experiment |
|
Definition
Miller placed inorganic chemcials methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and H20 in a closed system
-applied heat, circulated it by an electric spark
-yielded amino acids and organic acids |
|
|
Term
| What hypothesis did the miller experiment support? |
|
Definition
| inorganic chemicals in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of strong energy can result in organic molecules |
|
|
Term
| Protocells were likely auto/heterotrophs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agents of evolutionary change? |
|
Definition
1. mutation
2. genentic drift
3. gene flow
4. nonrandom mating
ex: inbreeding
5. natural selection |
|
|
Term
| Define: natural selection |
|
Definition
| the process by which natural traits that are inheritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable inheritable traits become less common |
|
|
Term
What type of population arises when a geographical barrier separates a population into two groups?
How about w/o? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reproductive isolating mechanisms? |
|
Definition
-habitat
-temporal (dif mating seasons)
-behavioral (dif mating patterns)
-mechanical (size) |
|
|
Term
| Two hypotheses of speciation? (Describe) |
|
Definition
phyletic gradualism - slow/steady before/after a divergence
-punctuated equilibirum - punctuated by speciation |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the five kingdoms |
|
Definition
-monera - prokaryotes
-protista - eukaryotic single-celled and multi celled plant-like, animal-like, abd fungal-like organisms
Fungi - multicellular heterotrophic saprophyotic organisms
Plantae - multicellular photosythetic organisms
Animalia - multicellar heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
Name and describe 3 domains
LAST CARD 27 |
|
Definition
-bacteria - normal bacteria
-archae - harsh environment bacteria
-eukarya - eukaryotic organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shapes do bacteria come in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 basic parts of viruses? |
|
Definition
-capsid of protein subunits
-inner core of nucleiuc acid
(some might have an envelop around the capsid) |
|
|
Term
| 3 basic shapes of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| cocci, bacilli, spirillium |
|
|
Term
| Two forms that bacilli and cocci can come in? Describe |
|
Definition
stept - in chains
staph - in clusters |
|
|
Term
| Describe the bacterial structure |
|
Definition
-plasma membrane
-many have cell wall with peptidolglycans |
|
|
Term
| Two different bacterial wall stains? |
|
Definition
gram positive - purple - crystal violet - thick
gram negative - counter stain - safranin -thin |
|
|
Term
| in harsh conditions, gram-positive bacteria (and some gram negatives) can form a resistant ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do bacteria reproduce?
describe |
|
Definition
binary fission
involves replicating genome, dividing in half asexually |
|
|
Term
What are the mechanisms of genetic recombination in bacteria?
Describe |
|
Definition
-conjugation - cell passes DNA through sex pillis
-transformation - bacterium takes up DNA from environment released by dead bacteria
-transduction - virus carries bacterial DNA from cell to cell |
|
|
Term
| -Characteristics of protists? |
|
Definition
-NEED WATER
-generally unicellular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-unicellular/colonial/filamentous
-components of phytoplankton |
|
|
Term
| Biology of phytoplankton? |
|
Definition
-important food source for heterotrophs
-oxygen producers
-symbiotic relationships with fungi-lichens
-green algae- have chlorophyll a+b |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of diatoms? |
|
Definition
-most numerous univellular algae in the oceans
-intricate cells of silica
-component of phytoplankton
-make up diatomaceous earth |
|
|
Term
| components of dinoflagellates? |
|
Definition
-cellulose plates
-2 flagella
-component of phytoplankton
-can produce neurotoxin (red tide)
-generally photosynthetic
-some have bioluminescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paralytic shellfish poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wastewater has nitrogen, where red tide occurs, where fire algae bloom, or grow like crazy |
|
|
Term
For each scientific name, name the protist
a. rhodophyta
b. phaeophyta |
|
Definition
a. red algae
b. brown algae |
|
|
Term
| red algae characteristics? |
|
Definition
-mainly multicellular seaweeds
-contains red pigments as well as chlorophyll
-produce useful gelling agents such as agar and carageenan |
|
|
Term
| What can carageenan make? |
|
Definition
thickening agents
ice cream |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of brown algae? |
|
Definition
-multicellular seaweeds
-kelps
-largest of all algae
-has accessory pigments ranging from brown to black
-harvested for food in some parts of the world |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of euglenoids? |
|
Definition
-freshwater underwater organisms
-most have chloroplasts but some do not;
-chloroplasts are surrounded by 3 membranes instead of 2
-have 2 flagella
-have a photoreceptor called an eyespot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-red algae
-brown algae
-euglenoids
-protozoans
-ciliophorans
-sporozoan
-diatom
-dinoflagellate
-amoeboids
-zooflagellates |
|
|
Term
| how are protozoans classified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell structures of protozoans? |
|
Definition
-contractile vacuoles that regulate water balance
-some produce cysts for adverse conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the cilia on a ciliphora do? |
|
Definition
-aid in prey capture
-moves food to gullet, engulfed in phagocytic vacuoule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of ameboids? Describe. |
|
Definition
-entamoeba sp. - causes amebic dysentary
-foraminifernas - have a skeleton called a test
-radiolarians - have a skeleton called a test
-last two:
used to date sedimentary rocks
deposits form white cliffs of dover
deposits indicate presence of oil on land and sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aquatic
-freshwater
-saltwater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ameboids are a component of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some zooflagellates and the diseases they cause |
|
Definition
-trypanosoma - causes african sleeping sickness
-tsetse fly is a vector
-lives in bloodstream of host
-assasin bug - chagas disease
-giardia lamblia - giardiasis (severe diarrhea) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of protist is a colorless heterotroph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some sporozoans and the diseases they cause |
|
Definition
-plasmodium vivax - malaria
-toxoplasmosis - causes mild flu-like symptoms, BAD for pregnant women, transmitted by cats
-cryptosporidium - causes mild gastroentits in most, but can be fatal in people who are immunosuppressed, passed in unfiltered water (chlorination doesn't matter), and in the feces of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do plasmodium vivaxes impact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do water molds consume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
plasmodiums belong to what kind of molds?
Define plasmodiums |
|
Definition
slime molds
Definition: diploid multinucleate cytoplasmic mass with a shiny sheath that crawls along the forest floor and phagocytizes dead organic matter |
|
|
Term
Determine if each one is verum/falsum
-multicelluular
-strict photosynthesizers
-intracellular digestion
-important decomposers |
|
Definition
verum
falsum -extracellular
verum |
|
|
Term
| What is the biology of fungi? (not cell structure) |
|
Definition
-their body is a mass of filaments called a mycelium
-each filament (which increases surface area) is called a hypha
-Some have crosswalls between cells called septa
-sexual/asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What is the cell structure of fungi? |
|
Definition
-cell walls contain chitin, a polymer of glucose
-move toward food source by growing towards it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| naked RNA molecule which does not code for proteins that infects plants and causes disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rogue folded proteins that are passed through the injestion of infected tissues |
|
|
Term
What disease do prions cause in
a. sheep
b. cattle
c. people
d. cannibals |
|
Definition
a. scrapie
b. mad cow disease
c. creutzfold-jakob syndrome
d. kuru |
|
|
Term
| Six steps of virus life cycle? Describe |
|
Definition
attachment -spike binds to receptor
entrance - uncoating occurs
replication
biosynthesis - viral components synthesized
assembly - new virus particles assembled
budding - acquires envelope with spikes |
|
|
Term
Which is better for viruses - lytic or lysogenic?
LAST CARD 28 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of the evolutionary tree? |
|
Definition
| sponges-->cinderians-->flatworms-->roundworms-->mollusks-->segmented words (annelids)-->arthropods-->echinoderms |
|
|
Term
| Describe the body of a sponge |
|
Definition
| a loose aggregate of cells |
|
|
Term
| The bodies of sponges have ___, or pores, ______, and chambers for ___________ |
|
Definition
| The bodies of sponges have OSTIA, or pores, CANALS, and chambers for CIRCULATION OF WATER |
|
|
Term
| How do sponges reproduce? |
|
Definition
-asexual - budding
-sexual - fusion of gametes |
|
|
Term
| Sponges are classified based on the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sponge skeletons are composed of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the layers of the body of a sponge |
|
Definition
-epidermis - flat cells w/ some contractile fibers
-middle layer - semi fluid
-inner layer - choanocytes |
|
|
Term
Three types of sponges?
Describe |
|
Definition
-chalk - spicules of calcium carbonate
-glass - spicules of silica
-proteinaceous - spicules of spongin fibers |
|
|
Term
| What kind of feeders are cells? How do they digest? |
|
Definition
-filter feeders
-intracellular digestion |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of sponge filter feeding |
|
Definition
-pump water with choanocytes, (collar cells) which have flagella for water currents.
-Filter feed through ostia |
|
|
Term
| What sort of symmetry to cniderians have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of shapes do cniderians come in? |
|
Definition
| multicellular, tubular, or bell |
|
|
Term
| What are cniderian stinging cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two body TYPES of cniderians?
What does each look like? |
|
Definition
polyps or medusae
Polyps: tentacles up
medusae: tentacles down |
|
|
Term
| T/F: not all cniderians stick to one body type their entire lives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some examples of cniderians and their body forms |
|
Definition
corals- polyps
jellyfish- medusae
hydrozoans- may have both forms |
|
|
Term
| Are cniderians herbivores or carnivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of cniderians stinging people? |
|
Definition
| Nematocist harpoon comes out of cnidocyte, attaches to prey, pumps toxins, paralyzes, and consumes prey alive |
|
|
Term
| Define: hydra (not the greek version, lulz) |
|
Definition
a representative cindarian that lives in freshwater
sac-like body plan
-digestion begins in gastrovascular cavity, completed in cells
-can reproduce sexually/asexually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-asymmetrical
-bilateral
-radial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developing a distinctive head/tail |
|
|
Term
| What kind of symmetry do flatworms have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phylum name for flatworms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do flatworms breathe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define: planarian
And its class |
|
Definition
free-living flatworm
turbellaria |
|
|
Term
| What do planarians feed on? |
|
Definition
| small living and dead organisms |
|
|
Term
Flame cells do what?
They belong to.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a planarian nervous system |
|
Definition
-ladder-like
-anterior ganglia (dense collection of nerves)
-eyespots
-brain |
|
|
Term
| Muscular layers of a planarian? |
|
Definition
-circular
-longitudinal
-diagonal |
|
|
Term
| Which is the first branch of the evolutionary tree to undergo cephalization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a hermaphroditic flatworm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the super awesome regenerator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two classes of parasitic flatworms?
Name each in more common terms |
|
Definition
-cestoda (tapeworms)
-trematoda (flukes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hooks for attachment on a cestoda, meaning it's not a sucker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -segments that make up cestoda body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -proglottid filled with fertilized eggs |
|
|
Term
| Describe the body of a trematoda |
|
Definition
-covered by a tough tegument
-an oral sucker and another located more posteriorly on the body |
|
|
Term
| Name types of parasitic roundworms? |
|
Definition
-ascaris
-trichinella spiralis
-wucheria bancrofti
-pinworms
-hookworms |
|
|
Term
| Which is longer: female/male acaris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phylum do roundworms belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do ascares enter the host? |
|
Definition
-uncooked vegetables
-soil
-feces
THEN
-burrow out of intestine
-migrate to heart and lungs
-larvae are coughed up and swallowed
-mature to adults in intestines |
|
|
Term
| Define: trichinella spiralis (3) |
|
Definition
-in pork
-causes trichinosis
-larvae migrate out of intestines and form painful cysts in the muscles |
|
|
Term
| Define: wucheria bancrofti |
|
Definition
-filarial worm
-causes elephantiasis
-migrates into lymphatic vessels and prevents lymph drainage
-edema occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cause problems in children
-pinworms -annoyance
-hookworms-skin irritation, debilitating disease |
|
|
Term
| 3 body parts of a mollusk? (describe) |
|
Definition
-visceral mass -includes most organs
-foot- locomotion
-mantle - covering that envelopes visceral mass and may secrete a shell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rasping organ for feeding in mollusks |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of mollusks? |
|
Definition
-squid
-mussel
-snail
-octopus
-clams
-slugs |
|
|
Term
Name what class of mollusk each is: (mix up)
a.squid
b. conch
c. snails
d. chambered nautilus
e. nudibranch
f. octopus
g. foot forms tentacles
h. foot flattens ventrally
i. two-part shells
j. ink glands
k.water enters through incurrent siphon |
|
Definition
a. cephalopod
b. gastropod
c. gastropod
d. cephalopod
e. gastropod
f. cephalopod
g. C
h. G
i. bivalves
j. C
k. bivalves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-snail
-shell to prevent dessication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-polychaeta (marine worms)
-oligochaeta (earthworms)
-hirudinea (leeches) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define: closed circulatory system
-Which evolutionary branch does this show up in? |
|
Definition
blood contained w/in vessels
annelids |
|
|
Term
| Excretory system of annelids consists of ____in most segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest class of annelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bristles for anchoring worm or helping in locomotion in marine worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-marine worms (polychaeta)
-tentacles form a funnel-shaped fan
-sessile filter feeders |
|
|
Term
| What do oligochaeta feed on? |
|
Definition
| leaves, other organic matter |
|
|
Term
External segmentation in annelids is evident by ___
internal segmentation by ____
____ in each segment |
|
Definition
External segmentation in annelids is evident by BODY RINGS
internal segmentation by SEPTA
PAIRED NEPHRIDIA in each segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ectoparasites (suckers)
-saliva contains hirudinin -anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-jointed appendages
-exoskeleton of chitin
-head/thorax/abdomen
-well developed nervous system that includes antennae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crustaceans, uniramia (insects), chelicerata (arachnids) |
|
|
Term
| -The abdomen of a crustacean has _____ and the last two segments have ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| -The abdomen of a crustacean has SWIMMERETS and the last two segments have UROPODS and TELSO |
|
|
Term
| In crayfish, heart pumps blood with ____(enzyme) |
|
Definition
| hemocyanin - makes blue pigment |
|
|
Term
For each animal, name the arthropod class
a. mites
b. shrimps
c. lobsters
d. grasshoppers
e. scorpions
f. crayfish
g. scorpion
h. sowbug
i. lobster
j. shrimp
k. ticks
l.fused cephalothorax
m. largest and most diverse group |
|
Definition
a. arachnid
b. crustacean
c. C
d. Insect
e. A
f. C
g. arachnid
h. crustacean
i. C
j. C
k. A
l. C,A
m. I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crayfish enzyme that flows around organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do or Don't eat dead lobster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do grasshoppers use to hear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is for digging a hole for grasshoppers to lay eggs in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do grasshoppers excrete?
Why do they do this? |
|
Definition
-malphigian tubes, get rid of uric acid (nitrogenous waste)
-Helps conserve water |
|
|
Term
| How do grasshoppers breathe? |
|
Definition
-spricales (holes in abdomen) lead into trachae (grasshopper version of lungs)
-body wall contracts/relaxes |
|
|
Term
| What is an immature grasshopper called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the change in form and physiology that occurs as a grasshopper larva becomes an adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What advancement did grasshoppers make in terms of reproduction?
What did this do? |
|
Definition
-internal fertilization
-protects zygotes, gametes from dying |
|
|
Term
| How do ticks and mice feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arachnids have ______ that deliver poison to prey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These sense and hold prey in arachnids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the strongest stuff on Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the path of air in your body? |
|
Definition
| mouth/nose-->trachea-->primary bronchae-->secondary bronchae-->tertiary bronchae-->alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air sacs where gas exchange occurs |
|
|
Term
| How does gas exchange occur in the lungs? |
|
Definition
-02 driven by diffusion
-high-->low concentration
-blood needs lower concentration
This means that air has a high concentration of O2 and your blood has a high concentration of CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-chest cavity expands, so that there is less pressure inside than the atmosphere
-air moves from high-->low pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Diaphragm pushes up, chest cavity volume decreases |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT BREATHING MEASURE
volume of air you breath in/out during normal breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT BREATHING MEASURE
maximum breath in, forcibly exhale all air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT BREATHING MEASURE
normal breath, then extra air in |
|
Definition
| inspiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT BREATHING MEASURE
normal breath, forced exhale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NAME THAT BREATHING MEASURE
amount of air that stays in lungs and cannot be removed
LAST CARD 15 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteries carry blood ________ the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Veins carry blood _______ the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arteries contain what fibers?
What do they do for arteries? |
|
Definition
elastin
Allow them to expand/contract |
|
|
Term
| What allows regulation of blood flow and pressure in arteries? |
|
Definition
| Elastin fibers and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for opening and closing of arteries? |
|
Definition
vasodilation
vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavity that contains the heart |
|
|
Term
What is your pulse?
(What's going on?) |
|
Definition
| Arteries are expanding/contracting |
|
|
Term
| You arteries are (thick/thin) but your veins are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is blood pressure affected by? |
|
Definition
| Your ability to vasoconstrict/dilate |
|
|
Term
Which has more smooth muscle?
Veins/arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the veins to ensure blood moves towards the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____are under the least amount of pressure, and are furthest away form the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sight of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| The total surface area of the capillaries is____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillaries have what kind of walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____can leave the capillaries where it is picked up by the _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________can be shut down and opened up depending upon need |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does blood distribution work when you're running? |
|
Definition
| More blood goes to your legs, since they need it |
|
|
Term
| What's a normal blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common circulatory route? |
|
Definition
| heart-->arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries-->venules-->veins |
|
|
Term
| The left side of your heart pumps blood to the ________ and the right to your ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the most abundant waste product we make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the branch of your kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This ring of muscle closes to shut down low priority places |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2/3 of your heart is found left of the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| layers of heart? Details please!!! |
|
Definition
1. Endocardium = inner lining
2. Mycocardium = muscle layer (largest layer)
3. Epicardium = outer lining of heart
4. Pericardium =membranous sac that produces pericardial fluid (lubrication, prevents friction) |
|
|
Term
How many chambers does your heart have?
Describe them |
|
Definition
4
2 atria, which pump blood to ventricles
left ventricle (systemic) pumps to body
right ventricle (pulmonary) to lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates left and right halves of chambers so that oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood don't mix |
|
|
Term
Part of the heart that is the fuel system for the heart?
What happens when it dies? |
|
Definition
Right atrium, right cornary artery
heart attack |
|
|
Term
How many valves do you have in your heart?
Describe them |
|
Definition
4
Atrioventricular (atria/ventricle) encloses triscuspid valve and mitral valve
semilunar - base of aorta and -pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| Why are your valves important? |
|
Definition
| They ensure blood flows in one direction |
|
|
Term
| What causes a heart murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sound your heart makes?
What is this? |
|
Definition
lub dub
*semilunar (lub)closing and atrioventricular (dub) closing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for your heartbeat is the___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the phases of the contraction and relaxation of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The average pulse is ________beats/min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how many beats does a person with a pulse of 72 beats/min have, and how many does one with 60 beats/min have assuming they both live until age eighty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the process of blood flow |
|
Definition
1. Inferior-->superior vena cava
2. right atrium -->tricuspid valve-->right ventricle
3. Ventricles are full, tricuspid valve shuts off so that blood doesn’t flow backward into right atrium
4. Blood leaves heart through pulmonary valve--> lungs
5. oxygenated blood in lungs-->pulmonary arteries-->left atrium
6. left atrium-->through open mitral valve--> left ventricle
7. Left ventricle is full, Mitral valve shuts off to prevent backwards blood flow into left atrium
8. left ventricle-->aortic valve-->aorta-->rest of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a normal ECG look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an ECG with a sinoatrial block look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an ECG with an atrioventricular fibrillation look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an ECG with a ventricular fibrillation look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an ECG with a cardiac arrest look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does your ECG hopefully look like after you are under a defibrillator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's all this about the intrinsic control of the heartbeat? |
|
Definition
| The SA node in the wall of the right atrium, a.k.a the "pacemaker" of your heart, sets the sinus rhythm and sends out electrical signals down the bundle of histamine to the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers into the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Which contracts first: atrium or ventricles? |
|
Definition
| The atriums contract, empty,push blood into ventricles, then ventricle contracts |
|
|
Term
| 1. The ______can control heart rate via ___ and ____ in the nervous system |
|
Definition
| 1. The MEDULLA OBLONGATA can control heart rate via SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC in the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Hormones like _____ and _____ can stimulate heart rate |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shows atria depolarizing (contracting) |
|
|
Term
| What does the QRS wave represent? |
|
Definition
| atria repolarizing (relaxing)and ventricles depolarizing |
|
|
Term
| What does the T wave represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulse at rest over 100 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulse at rest under 60 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal from SA node doesn't reach atria: no P wave |
|
|
Term
| Define: atrioventricular block |
|
Definition
| signal gets delayed too much going to ventricles: PR interval too long |
|
|
Term
| Define: ventricular fibrillation |
|
Definition
| erratic quivering of ventricles; no pumping occurs |
|
|
Term
| Define: coronary arteries |
|
Definition
| thingy that feeds the heart muscle itself |
|
|
Term
| two ways to treat angina? |
|
Definition
balloon inserted into plaque area to break it up; sometimes a metal cage put in place (stent) to hold open area (temporary fix)
CABG (coronary artery bypass gaft)uses the GREATER SAPHENOUS VEIN (temp control)in your leg used to bypass blocks of coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| hepatic portal system process? |
|
Definition
1. nutrients absorbed by intestines enters hepatic portal vein
2. Liver deoxifies nutrients where blood leaves liver via hepatic vein and enters vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What does your plasma consist of? |
|
Definition
-92% water
-Proteins albumins, globulins, and firbrinogens
-Salts
-Gases O2 and CO2
-Nutrients: lipids, glucose, and amino acids
-nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid
-hormones
-vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biconcave disks made by red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-4 globin groups (proteins)
-4 heme groups: contain iron to bind to O2
-98.5% of O2 carried by hemoglobin
-lacks a nucleus
-120 day life cycle |
|
|
Term
Where are old RBC destroyed?
How is this done? |
|
Definition
liver & spleen
Bilrubin (RBC pigment) sent to liver for removal in bile
iron is recycled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability of body to carry enough oxygen
iron deficiency and hemolytic anemia (due to blood loss) |
|
|
Term
| What's your body's response to lack of O2? (bloodwise) |
|
Definition
| kidneys release erythropoeitin to increase # of blood cells to carry more O2 |
|
|
Term
| Where is our olympic training center? Why? |
|
Definition
Colorado Springs
less oxygen upon a mtn, makes more blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Which is more numerous? WBC or RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
granulocytes
agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
| types of granulocytes? (+functions) |
|
Definition
-neutrophils (attack bacteria)
-eosinophils (allergies)
-basophils (release histamine (dialates blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphocytes: B and T cells (specific immunity)
monocytes: become macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-platelets w/out a nucleus inbolved in clotting
-come from cell called megakaryocyte
-cell fragments |
|
|
Term
blood clotting happens when...
(describe process) |
|
Definition
-blood vessels are damaged
-cells release prothrombin activator
-prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin (Ca+2 must be present)
-thrombin converts firbinogen into fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insoluble netting which traps platelets and other cells to form the initial plug |
|
|
Term
| What vein is used in CABG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins found in plasma? |
|
Definition
| albumins, globulins, and firbrinogens |
|
|
Term
Main processes of the DS?
Explain each |
|
Definition
-chemical digestion -uses enzymes
-mechanical digestion - physically breaks food down into small particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| churning that goes on in your small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Processes that occur in mechanical digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Our body system is a tube within a tube. What's the tube that's in another tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomical structures of the mouth? (just name) |
|
Definition
-tongue
-hard palate
-uvula
-tonsils
-salivary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle
-moves food over to teeth and push food down throat
-forms food into bolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forms roof of mouth
-made of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents food from entering nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph tissue housing WBCs |
|
|
Term
| Types of salivary glands? |
|
Definition
Glands:
-parotid
-sumandibular
-sublingual |
|
|
Term
What are the important proteins in saliva?
(why?) |
|
Definition
MUCIN
makes food slippery
amylase- digests starch |
|
|
Term
| You have __ baby teeth and ___ adult teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two Parts of teeth? Define |
|
Definition
a. crown: surace above gingivae
b. root: surface below gingivae |
|
|
Term
| The tooth is covered in _______ which is special because ________ |
|
Definition
enamel
hardest substance in body |
|
|
Term
Can you repair enamel??
Why is it bad when you lose enamel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein layer under enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains nerves & blood vessels (teeth) |
|
|
Term
How many of the following teeth do you have?
a. incisors
b. canine
c. premolar
d. molar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hole in enamel layer; cannot repair itself
-when bacteria metabolize sugar, they release acids that eat away at enamel |
|
|
Term
| What does the pharynx do? |
|
Definition
-Receives air from nasal cavity and food (and liquids) from mouth
-swallowing action (reflex action) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flap located in pharynx which closes off trachea as food is swallowed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| This type of contraction moves food through the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define: acid reflux disease |
|
Definition
-AKA heartburn
esophageal valve opens allowing chyme into the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What does the pyloric sphincter do? |
|
Definition
| opens so that food can trickle into small intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| your food by the time it leaves the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Constant heartburn can... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OTCs for heartburn do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of digestive tract? |
|
Definition
-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-serosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inner layer that lines lumen
-contains glandular epithelial cells and goblet cells
-found in intestines
-produces mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contains blood vessels and nerves
-peyer's patches found here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph nodules that makes sure that bacteria in the colon does not go to the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2 layers of muscle : circular and longitudinal)
-undergoes peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| What does the longitudinal muscle do? |
|
Definition
| constricts, pushes food through intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer membrane of connective tissue that helps anchor digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-J shaped organ
-can fill to capacity of 1 liter
-job is to TURN FOOD, and release gastric juices |
|
|
Term
| You have ______layers of muscle to turn food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The epithelial lining of the stomach has ________ that secrete __________ juices containing _______ and ______ |
|
Definition
| The epithelial lining of the stomach has GASTRIC PITS that secrete GASTRIC JUICES juices containing HYDROCHLORIC ACID and PEPSIN |
|
|
Term
| Explain the processes of gastric juices in the epithelial lining of the stomach |
|
Definition
| Pepsinogen utilizes HCl to turn into Pepsin, which digests protein |
|
|
Term
| Your stomach empties in ___ hrs, depending on ____ |
|
Definition
2-6 hrs
depending on the food you eat. Fat needs more time to turn |
|
|
Term
| What's so special about alcohol and the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| It's absorbed by the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Taking OTC for acid reflux may interfere with ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folds in stomach that allows stomach to expand as it fills with food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach, intestines, esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Most ulcers are caused by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bacteria that causes ulcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat an ulcer? |
|
Definition
| antibiotic along with bismuth |
|
|
Term
What do your parietal cells do?
Where are are they located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do enteroendocrine cells do? |
|
Definition
| release hormones like gastrin |
|
|
Term
| What are the pits in the gastric gland for? |
|
Definition
| involved in digestion process, liquifying food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three parts of the stomach?
(Just name) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-attaches to stomach
-food is chemically digested and absorbed into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches to colon (large intestine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where illeum meets large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What does the duodenum digest? |
|
Definition
| -digests carbs, DNA, liquids, fats |
|
|
Term
| Define: plicae circulares: |
|
Definition
| grooves that slow movement of intestines so that we can absorb it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small finger-like projections that increase surface area (found in small intestine)
-each has a blood vessels and a lacteal running up into it |
|
|
Term
| where is the lacteal located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood vessels for villis absorb what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lacteals running up to villis do what? |
|
Definition
| absorbs fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Term
GASTRIN:
a. Where produced
b. target organ
c. what it causes the target organ to di
d. what triggers the release |
|
Definition
a. stomach
b. stomach
c. gastric glands to become active
d. food in mouth |
|
|
Term
SECRETIN
a. Where produced
b. target organ
c. what it causes the target organ to di
d. what triggers the release |
|
Definition
a. duodenum
b. pancreas
c. releases sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes acidic chime(prevents ulcers)
d. presence of acidic foods |
|
|
Term
CCK
a. Where produced
b. target organ
c. what it causes the target organ to di
d. what triggers the release
e. what does CCK stand for? |
|
Definition
a. duodenum
b. pancreas
c. release lipase, which tells gallbladder to produce bile
d. fatty foods
e. cholecystokinin |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
-absorbs some water, salts, vitamins
-rids body of fecal material
-houses bacteria that ferments undigested food |
|
|
Term
| What does the bacteria in your large intestine do? (besides fermenting undigested food) |
|
Definition
-breaks down bilirubin
-produces vitamins like K |
|
|
Term
| What gives feces its brown color? |
|
Definition
| bacteria breaking down bilrubin? |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of some of the bacteria on your small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name seven enzymes from the pancreas and their function |
|
Definition
Choose any:
1. SODIUM BICARBONATE- neutralizes acidic chime
2. PANCREATIC AMYLASE - digests starch
3. TRYPSIN -digests proteins
4. CARBOXYPEPTIDASE - digests proteins
5. CHYMOTRYPSIN - digests proteins
6. LIPASE - breaks down fats
7. PANCREATIC AMYLASE - converts maltose into glucose |
|
|
Term
| Name an organ in the body (other than the heart/brain) that is vital to life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest gland in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-detoxifies blood
-produces bile
-stores iron and fat soluble vitamins (D, E, A, K) & B12
-makes plasma proteins (albumins and fibrinogens) |
|
|
Term
what does bile do?
What does it contain? |
|
Definition
-emulsifies fat (takes big drops, makes into small drops)
-bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| Where does bilirubin come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is sugar stored as glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular sac found attached to underside of liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the gallbladder's job?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much bile does the liver produce a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much bile does the liver produce a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to bile after the gallbladder is done with it? |
|
Definition
| cystic duct carries bile from gallbladder where it dumps into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| too much cholesterol can cause... |
|
Definition
| crystals to form which leads to the formation of gallstones |
|
|
Term
| If ducts of the gallbladder become clogged, what happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you get rid of gallstones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is jaundice more common in newborns? |
|
Definition
| Babies do not get rid of bile as they are not getting rid of feces |
|
|
Term
| Where does carbohydrate digestion occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the process of carbohydrate digestion |
|
Definition
| salivary amylase converts starch into maltose, and pancreatic amylase converts maltose into glucose |
|
|
Term
| Three enzymes from the small intestines and their functions |
|
Definition
lactase, sucras, maltase-
convert disaccharides into monosaccharides (these can be absorbed) |
|
|
Term
| Where does protein digestion take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain how proteins are digested |
|
Definition
stomach releases pepsin that breaks proteins into polypeptides, and then trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase from the pancreas convert peptides into amino acids.
(Peptidases from small intestine do the same) |
|
|
Term
| Where are lipids digested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bile emulsifies fats, pancreatic lipase digests fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of tissues in your body? |
|
Definition
-muscular
-cardiovascular
-epithelial
-connective |
|
|
Term
Cancer of the ____ tissue is...
a. epithelial
b. blood
c. lymphoid |
|
Definition
a. carcinoma
b. leukemia
c. lymphomas |
|
|
Term
| Functions of epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
-protection - protects from pathogens
-secretion - mucus from digestive tract
-absorption - small intestine absorbs food
-filtration - tissue of kidneys forms urine
-excretion - " " |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is squamous? cuboidal? columnar? tissue found? |
|
Definition
squamous - lungs, lining of blood vessels
cuboidal - kidneys
columnar - lines digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial tissue can be one layer _________ or many _____________ |
|
Definition
| Epithelial tissue can be one layer (simple) or many (stratified) |
|
|
Term
What is _____ really good at? Where?
a. simple cuboidal
b. simple squamous
c. stratified squamous |
|
Definition
a. excretion (kidneys)
b. diffusion (lung tissue)
c. protection (skin) |
|
|
Term
| Define: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue |
|
Definition
-1 layer of cells (it looks like 2)
-each cell touches the basement membrane
-found in trachea
-secretes mucus that traps dirt |
|
|
Term
Which organ is both endocrine/exocrine?
Why? |
|
Definition
PANCREAS
-endocrine - insulin into bloodstream
-exocrine - digestive enzymes into duct to small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Three types of junctions between cells? (describe) |
|
Definition
-tight - impermeable
-gap - allow molecules to pass through
-adhesion - (desmosome): ilaments pass through adjacent membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-material found between connective cells
-contains collagen, hyaline, reticular, and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Types of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
-adipose tissue
-cartilage
-bone |
|
|
Term
| What are adipose tissues filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do cartilage cells live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a cartilage cell called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hard matrix of bone is made of what? |
|
Definition
-inorganic salts (like calcium)
-oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-compact bone - dense bone made of osteons
-spongy bone - bony bars w/ spaces |
|
|
Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
|
Definition
-over the ends of bones at movable joints
-ends of ribs
-supportive material in larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-fetal skeleton |
|
|
Term
| Where is elastic cartilage found? |
|
Definition
| -external ear and epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| Where is fibrocartilage found? |
|
Definition
-pubic synthesis
-meniscus
-invertebral disks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste |
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of plasma in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does plasma consist of? |
|
Definition
-water
-proteins
-ions
-salts
-vitamins |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fibers prevalent in muscular tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-voluntary
-fibers have many nuclei
-striated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-involuntary
-no striations
-found in intestine, stomach, and esophagus
-involved in swallowing, GI tract functions
-short fusiform cells
-one central nucleus
-nonstriated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-involuntary
-striations
-1 nuclei/cell
-connected to each other at intercalated disks |
|
|
Term
| Functions of nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
-sensory input
-integration of data
-sensory output |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe 3 types of neurologia cells |
|
Definition
-microglia -eat bacteria, cell debris
-astrocytes - provide nutrients to neurons
-oligodendrocytes - form myelin (insulation) |
|
|
Term
| Name to major body cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavities are located w/in the ventral cavity? |
|
Definition
Includes:
-thoracic cavity
-Abdominal " |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chest cavity containing heart and lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| The thoracic and abdominal cavity are separated by the.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavities are located w/in the dorsal cavity? |
|
Definition
-cranial cavity
-vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of epithelium overlying a loose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mucous
-serous
-synovial
-meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
-contain goblet cells that release mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-line the thoracic and abdominal cavities
-Contains pleura
-" peritoneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -lines thoracic cavity, covers lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -covers abdominal cavity and organs |
|
|
Term
| Define: synovial membranes |
|
Definition
-lines free movable joint cavities
-produces synovial fluid to lubricate joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane covering brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the system of hair/skin/nails? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the system for hormonal glands called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
-protection from pathogens, water loss, and UV light
-regulate body temp (sweating)
-makes vitamin D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the epidermis (5) |
|
Definition
-contains keratin, which waterproofs skin
-contains melanocytes
-contains 5 layers
-no blood vessels
-gets nutrients by diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Name the layers of the epidermis layer |
|
Definition
-top stratum corneum (dead)
-stratum lucidum (dead)
- " granulosum (dead+living)
- " spinosum (living)
-bottom stratum basale (living) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contains collagen
-elastic fibers
-contains blood vessels
-contains nerve endings |
|
|
Term
What is the subcutaneous layer composed of?
What does it do? |
|
Definition
-composed of loose conntective tissue and fat
-fat provides thermal insulation and physical protection |
|
|
Term
| Nail cells are filled with .... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes hair "stand on end" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-associated with each hair follicle
-secretes sebum to moisturize skin |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the sweat gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is positive/negative feedback, exs? |
|
Definition
negative- change in body, body does something to maintain homeostasis
ex: body temp
Positive: brings abt greater change in the same direction
ex: during pregnancy, baby pushes on cervix to initiate labor. Message is sent to the brain that causes the release of oxytocin that causes even more contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lacunae are interconnected by _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the central canal (of the osteon) contains...... |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
|
|
Term
| What in your bones produces blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In infants, red marrow is... |
|
Definition
| present in cavities off all bones |
|
|
Term
| In adults, red marrow is present in.... |
|
Definition
| spongy bone of skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gel-like with lacunae for chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
Three types of cartilage?
Describe |
|
Definition
hyaline: firm, white, a. found in ends of long bones, nose, and ends of ribs
fibrocartilage: stronger, thick collagen bands, and can withstand both pressure and tension.Found in intervertebral disks
Elastic- most flexible, contains elastin fibers. Found in external ears and epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| Define: dense fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
| very strong rows of fibroblasts separated by collagen fibers that compose structures that connect bone to bone and muscles and bones |
|
|
Term
| Name a similarity/difference between ligaments/tendons |
|
Definition
DIFFERENCE: tendons connect MUSCLE to bone while ligaments connect BONE to bone
Similarity is that they're both dense fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bones are classified by _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-widened end of a long bone
-composed spongy bone
-contains red marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shaft of long bone
-composed of compact bone
-encloses medullary cavity |
|
|
Term
| How often does bone remodeling occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
break down bone
(to put in calcium, because you need to maintain certain levels of calcium in blood to contract your muscles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pick up calcium from blood and deposit it in new bone |
|
|
Term
| Remodeling can change bone ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes wear and tear to bones/to remodel bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak, thin bones which fracture easily |
|
|
Term
| Define: ephiphyseal plate |
|
Definition
| growth plate that allows bone to grow longer using cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertebral disks lose mass |
|
|
Term
| Functions of bones and which bones do what? |
|
Definition
structural support:
bones of lower limbs, especially femur
protection of soft body parts:
skull, rib cage
production of blood cells:
red marrow in ends of long bones, sternum, pelvis
storage of minerals and fat:
calcium phosphate in bone matrix, fat in yellow marrow
locomotion:
along with muscles |
|
|
Term
Two types of skeletal bones?
Where found? |
|
Definition
axial- skull, vertebral column, rib cage
appendicular- bones of limbs and the limb girdles (shoulders and hips) |
|
|
Term
| Shapes of bones? (where?) |
|
Definition
LONG- bones of limbs
SHORT- cube shaped bones of digits
ROUND- Patella
IRREGULAR- vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Relating to shape, all bones have WHAT? |
|
Definition
| depressions and protuberances (processes) for attachment of muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the "big hole" in your head and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| your foramen magnum. your spinal cord comes out of it |
|
|
Term
| Define: incomplete ossification in infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define: cranial bones of the skull |
|
Definition
| bones that protect the brain |
|
|
Term
| How may vertebrae do you have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many curvatures do you have in your spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do spinal nerves exit? |
|
Definition
| through the intervertebral foramina |
|
|
Term
| the spinal cord passes through the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types and #s of vertebrae? |
|
Definition
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
----
5 sacral
3-5 coccyx |
|
|
Term
| define: intervertebral disks |
|
Definition
-composed of fibrocartilage
-absorb shock, allow flexibility
-can herniate and rupture |
|
|
Term
| when intervertebral disks herniate/rupture, what does that do? |
|
Definition
| puts pressure on spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each originates at a thoracic vertebra and proceeds to anterior thoracic wall |
|
|
Term
| Types of ribs, #s of each |
|
Definition
true- 7, upper pair articulate directly w/ sternum via cartilage
false- 3 -first join a common cartilage and then to the sternum
floating- 2 - last pair that do not articulate w/sternum @ all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of sternum, describe |
|
Definition
MANUBRIUM - articulates w/ clavicle and first pair of ribs
BODY- point of junction between manumbrium and body is an important landmark because it IDs second pair of ribs, which allows the counting of ribs to determine the apex of the heart
XIPHOID- has a process for muscle attachment |
|
|
Term
| Different articulations, describe, where |
|
Definition
Fibrous- immovable
-sutures between bones of skull
Synovial- freely movable
-stabilized by tendons
-membranes line joint capsule
-contain bursa
-contain menisci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled sacs that decrease friction between tendons and ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cartilage between bones w/in the joint; shock absorbers (ex: knee) |
|
|
Term
Types of synovial joints?
How they move?
Exs? |
|
Definition
Hinge joints: 1 direction (knee)
Ball and socket: permit movement in all planes (hip)
pivot: rotational (joint between radius and ulna) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-deterioration of an over-worked joint
-wearing away of articular cartilage
-joint replacement
-glucosamine and chondroiton sulfate |
|
|
Term
| Types of movements at synovial joints?? DEMONSTRATE |
|
Definition
| flexion (forearm toward arm), extension (forearm away from arm), abduction (arms sideways, away from body), adduction (arms back to the body), rotation, (head to answer "no), pronation (foot rolls inside), supination (foot rolls outside) |
|
|
Term
| Define: antagonist muscle |
|
Definition
| a muscle that opposes the action of another; "the biceps brachii and triceps brachii are antagonistic muscles" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that covers skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| describe skeletal muscles |
|
Definition
-stiated
-voluntary
-attached to bone by tendons
-covered by fascia
-muscles are arranged in functional groupings
-most muscles have an antagonist |
|
|
Term
| What's different about your muscles lifting your shoe versus your muscles picking up a small child? |
|
Definition
| You'd use more muscles for the small child. Hey. What are you doing with that child anyway????? |
|
|
Term
| Each muscle cell is called a _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define: sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum running throughout muscle fiber that STORES CALCIUM IONS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extend into cell from the sarcolemma
-carry electrical impulse into muscle, allowing it to contract in unison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-composed of contractile filaments
-arranged in bundles surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum
-contains actin and mysoin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-functional unit
-contractile unit of muscle |
|
|
Term
| Describe myofibrils and sarcomeres |
|
Definition
-myofibrils are cylindrical
-striated appearance due to arrangement of contractile filaments
- |
|
|
Term
| What is a unit of contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_________is a thick filament
_________is a thin filament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does each myosin molecule look? |
|
Definition
like a golf club
straight portion ending in a double globular head or crossbridge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-consists of 2 intertwining actin filaments
-tropomyosin and toponin are associated proteins |
|
|
Term
| Define: neuromuscular junction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Action Potential
(Electric stimulus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space for when nerve meets muscle |
|
|
Term
| Describe the role that sliding filaments have in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
-Upon stimulation, action potential (AP) spreads along membrane
-AP travels down T tubules into muscle fiber
-calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-sarcomeres w/in myofibrils shorten, causing a contraction of muscle fiber
-actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments and approach one another
-ATP supplies the energy
-myosin filaments break down ATP and have crossbridges that pill the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when impulse stops coming from nerves |
|
|
Term
| what do neurotransmitters do? |
|
Definition
| open up the gate so that sodium ions rush in, and calcium is released from storage |
|
|
Term
| Define: rigor mortis and why it happens |
|
Definition
-muscles contracted after death
("the stiffness of death")
-when we die. production of ATP stops. No more ATP, no more removal of myosin, locking muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
tropomyosin winds through actin blocking binding sitees
-troponin is located at intervals along actin
-when calcium ions are released, they bind to troponin
-causes troponin to shift position and unblock binding sites
-exposes binding sites fror myosin crossbridges
-globular heads have ATP binding sites
-ATPase splits ATP to ADP and P
-Heads now bind to sites on actin
-relaxation occurs when impulses stop and calcium is taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| How does the body get energy for muscle contraction? (fastest) |
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Definition
Creatine phosphate breakdown (substrate level phosphorylation):
-high energy compoud builts up at rests
-can provide energy for about 8 seconds of intense activity
-regenerates ATP - when creatine phosphate breaks down to creatine, energy is released to phosphorylate ADP to ATP |
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Term
Where does muscle contraction get most energy from?
How does this work? |
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Definition
cellular respiration
-muscle cell can use glucose from glycogen and fatty acids from fat in cell respiration pathway
-occurs mitochondria and requires oxygen
-muscle cell has myoglobin-has higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin
-allows temporary storage of oxygen |
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Term
| What is last resort for energy for muscle contraction? |
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Definition
fermentation
-glucose is broken down in glycolysis to pyruvate, which is converted to lactic acid
-2 ATP / glucose
-when lactic acid build up, makes cytoplasm more acidic
-if fermentation occurs for more than 2-3 minutes cramping occurs |
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Term
| How have primates adapted? |
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Definition
-mobile limbs
-hands/feet with 5 digits
-opposable tumbs
-shortened snout to allow eyes to be placed at the front of the head
-longer juvenile dependency
-give birth to generally one offspring at a time |
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Term
| Functions of bones and which bones do what? |
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Definition
structural support:
bones of lower limbs, especially femur
protection of soft body parts:
skull, rib cage
production of blood cells:
red marrow in ends of long bones, sternum, pelvis
storage of minerals and fat:
calcium phosphate in bone matrix, fat in yellow marrow
locomotion:
along with muscles |
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Term
| Parts of sternum, describe |
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Definition
MANUBRIUM - articulates w/ clavicle and first pair of ribs
BODY- point of junction between manumbrium and body is an important landmark because it IDs second pair of ribs, which allows the counting of ribs to determine the apex of the heart
XIPHOID- has a process for muscle attachment |
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Term
| Different articulations, describe, where |
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Definition
Fibrous- immovable
-sutures between bones of skull
Synovial- freely movable
-stabilized by tendons
-membranes line joint capsule
-contain bursa
-contain menisci |
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Term
| describe skeletal muscles |
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Definition
-stiated
-voluntary
-attached to bone by tendons
-covered by fascia
-muscles are arranged in functional groupings
-most muscles have an antagonist |
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Term
| Each muscle cell is called a _____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Define: sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum running throughout muscle fiber that STORES CALCIUM IONS |
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Term
|
Definition
-composed of contractile filaments
-arranged in bundles surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum
-contains actin and mysoin |
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Term
| Describe the role that sliding filaments have in muscle contraction |
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Definition
-Upon stimulation, action potential (AP) spreads along membrane
-AP travels down T tubules into muscle fiber
-calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-sarcomeres w/in myofibrils shorten, causing a contraction of muscle fiber
-actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments and approach one another
-ATP supplies the energy
-myosin filaments break down ATP and have crossbridges that pill the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere |
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Term
| What is the role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction? |
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Definition
tropomyosin winds through actin blocking binding sitees
-troponin is located at intervals along actin
-when calcium ions are released, they bind to troponin
-causes troponin to shift position and unblock binding sites
-exposes binding sites fror myosin crossbridges
-globular heads have ATP binding sites
-ATPase splits ATP to ADP and P
-Heads now bind to sites on actin
-relaxation occurs when impulses stop and calcium is taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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|
Term
| How does the body get energy for muscle contraction? (fastest) |
|
Definition
Creatine phosphate breakdown (substrate level phosphorylation):
-high energy compoud builts up at rests
-can provide energy for about 8 seconds of intense activity
-regenerates ATP - when creatine phosphate breaks down to creatine, energy is released to phosphorylate ADP to ATP |
|
|
Term
Where does muscle contraction get most energy from?
How does this work? |
|
Definition
cellular respiration
-muscle cell can use glucose from glycogen and fatty acids from fat in cell respiration pathway
-occurs mitochondria and requires oxygen
-muscle cell has myoglobin-has higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin
-allows temporary storage of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is last resort for energy for muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
fermentation
-glucose is broken down in glycolysis to pyruvate, which is converted to lactic acid
-2 ATP / glucose
-when lactic acid build up, makes cytoplasm more acidic
-if fermentation occurs for more than 2-3 minutes cramping occurs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-compact bone - dense bone made of osteons
-spongy bone - bony bars w/ spaces |
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Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
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Definition
-over the ends of bones at movable joints
-ends of ribs
-supportive material in larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-fetal skeleton |
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Term
| Where is fibrocartilage found? |
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Definition
-pubic synthesis
-meniscus
-invertebral disks |
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Term
|
Definition
-involuntary
-no striations
-found in intestine, stomach, and esophagus
-involved in swallowing, GI tract functions
-short fusiform cells
-one central nucleus
-nonstriated |
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Term
|
Definition
-line the thoracic and abdominal cavities
-Contains pleura
-" peritoneum |
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Term
|
Definition
-contains collagen
-elastic fibers
-contains blood vessels
-contains nerve endings |
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