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| highly folded ribbonlike complexes of DNA |
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| synthesis- DNA replication occurs |
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| how many daughter cells in mitosis? |
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| what are the phases of mitosis? |
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| prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis {inerphase} |
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chromosomes not visible in nucleus
the nucleolus may be visible (dark spot)
has two centrioles |
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chromatin is now visible as chromosomes in nucleus
nucleolus disappears
centrioles move to oppoite ends
fibers start to extend from the centromeres |
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nuclear membrane dissolves
fibers attach to the centromeres
chromosomes begin to attach to the centromeres |
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chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell with spindle fibers
- metaphase plate |
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| the chromosomes split apart and move to opposite sides of the wall |
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| chromatids arrive at opposite ends |
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| (n) one set of chromosomes |
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| (2n) two sets of chromosomes |
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| most plant and animal adults |
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| what are the steps of meiosis I? |
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| prophase I, prometaphase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis |
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| homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses |
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paired chromosomes:
two chromosomes (one chromosome from each parent)
four chromatids |
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the nuclear membrane disappears
chromosomes that are attached to spindle fibers start to move |
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chromosomes and chromatids align at the methaphase plate
crossing over |
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| chromosomes (each with two chromatids) move to opposite ends |
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nuclear envelope ay reform OR
meiosis II may start |
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no S phase
one half of the original amount of chromosomes & chromatids |
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mitosis- homologous chromosomes independent
meiosis- homologous chromosomes pair forming bivalents until anaphase I |
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mitosis- identical daughter cells
meiosis- daughter cells haploid (reduction) |
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mitosis- identical daughter cells
meiosis- new assortment of parental chromosomes
meiosis- crossing over |
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| carries the specific amino acid to the mRNA in contact with the ribosome |
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| copies the information from the DNA |
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makes up 55% of ribosomes
ribosomal RNA |
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DNA - RNA
DNA splits
mRNA is made (copy)
U replaces T |
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RNA - protein
tRNA attaches to mRNA
tRNA detaches and then travels |
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| the different forms of a gene |
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| Two different alleles at a locus are responsible for different phenotypes, and both alleles affect the phenotype of the heterozygote. For example, consider the situation where there are three alleles A,B, and O that determine human blood type. Three possible genotypes are AA, BB, OO that correspond to the phenotypes of blood type A, B, and O respectively; Two other genotypes are AO and BO that correspond to blood types A and B, respectively because the O allele is recessive, The remaining genotype is AB, corresponding to blood type AB. Both the A and B alleles contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygote. Thus the alleles A and B are said to be co-dominant. |
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| a trait expressed preferentially over another trait |
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| one gene masks the expression of a different gene for a different trait |
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| the genetic constitution of an organism with respect to a trait |
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| If there is only one copy of a gene for a particular trait In a diploid organism, the organism is hemizygous for the trait, and will display a recessive phenotype. X-linked genes in fly or human males are hemizygous. |
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| differing alleles for a trait in an individual |
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| the pair of chromosomes in a diploid individual that have the same overall genetic content. One member of each homologous pair of chromosomes in inherited from each parent. |
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| both alleles for a trait are the same in an individual. |
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| when the heterozygote has a different, intermediate phenotype compared to the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive individuals |
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| mendel's law of independent assortment of alleles |
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| Alleles of different genes are assorted independently of one another during the formation of gametes |
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| mendel's law of segregation |
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| Alleles segregate from one another during the formation of gametes. |
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| cross involving parents differing in only one trait |
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| the physical appearence of an organism with respect to a trait |
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| the opposite of dominant trait |
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| a single gene determines more than one phenotype for an organism |
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| sex determination is based upon sex chromosomes |
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| hardy-weinburg equilibrium |
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infineteley large population
no net movement of individuals
no selective mating
each allele has to be equaly succesful
no genetic drift
no mutations |
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6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen |
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| first step of photosynthesis |
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| In the light dependent reactions, the photosynthetic organism converts the light energy into energy carried by electrons. In photosynthesis the electrons are picked up by electron transport systems which use the energy in the electrons to make an energy carrying compound called ATP and a second compound, NADPH. The ATP and the NADPH are used for the next main step, the Calvin cycle,or "Light independent reactions". |
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| The Calvin cycle is the main process in the Light Independent reactions of photosynthesis ('Dark Reactions'). In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is first incorporated into a five carbon molecule called ribulose biphosphate or RuBP. Then in a series of chemical reactions, hydrogens and electrons from the NADPH are progressively added to form a simple, energy rich, phosphorylated carbohydrate called GP3 or PGAL. In turn the PGAL is used to make glucose and other carbohydrates for use by the plant. |
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| short, branched extensions that help the cell bodies of neurons receive information |
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| the insulating layer of fatty membranes around the axon of a neuron |
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| specialized cells for conducting information in the body |
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| long fibers that neurons use to transmit information to other cells |
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| the wrinkled, outer portion of the brain that handles most of the sophisticated brain functions |
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| carry information from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland |
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| part of the brain stem that controls emotions and instincts |
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| chemical messengers that carry an action potential across a synapse |
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| neurons that carry nerve impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system |
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| the part of the brain beneath the rear of the cerebrum that is essential for coordination of movement |
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| the rest of the nerves in the body other than brain and spinal cord |
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| nerves that carry messages to muscles or glands without the body noticing |
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| rapid motor response to a stimulus as a result of a sensory neuron that synapses directly to a motor neuron |
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| the unequal distribution of ions resulting in a difference of electrical charge across a neuron cell membrane |
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| the sudden reversal of electrical charge across a neuron membrane |
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| spaces in between the myelin sheath |
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heart and blood vessels
circulates blood and nutrients to the body |
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| changes tfood into useale substance sfor the body |
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| brings oxygen into the body and remove scarbon dioxide and other gases |
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give its shape
support body
skeletal muscles
cardiac muscles
smooth muscles |
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gives the body its shape
supports it
protects the internal organs |
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in charge of slower processes
-hormones
-glands |
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| Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. |
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| two steps of cellular respiration |
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glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water |
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