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Biology Final
Lots of Stuff.
45
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/16/2009

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Term
induced mutations
Definition
caused by mutagens (chemical or physical)
Term
missense
Definition
change in primary structure of protein
Term
catabolism
Definition
lac operon -inudcible - breaks down lactose
Term
anabolism
Definition
tryptophan operon - repressible - makes tryptophan
Term
nonsense
Definition
premature termination, polypeptide is truncated
Term
RNA polymerase
Definition
sigma + core enzyme = holoenzyme
Term
EPA
Definition
exit, peptidyl, aminoacyl trna site
Term
translation phases
Definition
initiation, elongation, termination
Term
transcription phases
Definition
initiation, elongation, termination
Term
purines
Definition
AG
Term
pyrimidines
Definition
CT
Term
Hershey and Chase
Definition
E. coli, bacteriophages
Term
Avery, et al.
Definition
any treatment with S-cell DNA transformed R-strain to S-strain bacteria
Term
Meselson and Stahl
Definition
semi-conservative DNA
Term
Semi-conservative
Definition
one new strand and one original parent strand
Term
DNA replication phases
Definition
helicase unwinds helix, bind proteins stabilize, topoisomerase helps stabilize, DNA POL III adds dNTPs, RNA primers are removed by DNA POL I and gaps are filled, DNA ligase connects the fragments covalently
Term
lagging strand
Definition
discontinuous, okazaki fragments
Term
Griffith experiment
Definition
S + R = dead mice
Term
epistasis
Definition
one gene acting above another gene
Term
pleiotropy
Definition
single gene affects more than one characteristic
Term
3 checkpoints
Definition
metaphase, G1, G2
Term
methylation
Definition
adding CH3 group - tagging - gene control in EUkaryotes - OFF
Term
acetylation
Definition
acetylation/deacetylation - tagging - gene control in EUkaryotes - ON - add HATs
Term
epigenome
Definition
pattern of inheritance
Term
transduction
Definition
extracellular signals trigger cell-specific gene expression - 2 keys - TATA box + another specific key
Term
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
spontaneous changes that do not require outside energy increase the entropy of the universe
Term
primase
Definition
synthesizes primer
Term
DNA POL
Definition
catalyzes the synthesis of DNA
Term
CAM plants
Definition
open stomata at night and carbon is fixed
Term
C4 plants
Definition
fix carbon where there is no rubisco, then put it in cells where there is rubisco
Term
fementation
Definition
NAD+ is regenerated so that glycolysis can continue, which produces ATP
Term
First Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
energy can be converted from one form to another, but can not be created or destroyed
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
no energy required, some molecules go across by transport proteins (channel:gated or ion; and carrier:transporters)
Term
proteins secondary structure
Definition
ahelix and Bpleated sheets
Term
active transport
Definition
requires energy, molecules move against the gradient
Term
proteins primary structure
Definition
sequence of amino acids
Term
Isomers
Definition
Structural–same formula/different arrangement; Geometric–same formula/different arrangement around a double bond; Optical–mirror images
Term
proteins tertiary structure
Definition
3D shape, globular
Term
proteins quaternary structure
Definition
multiple polypeptide chains
Term
polymers
Definition
created by dehydration and broken down by hydrolysis
Term
lipids
Definition
fats, steroids, and cholesterol
Term
Glycosydic Linkage
Definition
type of covalent bond that forms di- & poly-saccharides
Term
Six major functional groups
Definition
Carboxyl, Amino, Carbonyl, Hydroxyl, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate
Term
phospholipids
Definition
polar head, nonpolar tail
Term
water
Definition
polar, good solvent, adhesive and cohesive, high specific heat (amount of energy required to raise 1g by 1degree), pH of 7, high heat of vaporization
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