Term
|
Definition
| Expression of the Genotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA Strands that control proteins and determnie traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes are expressed by proteins they create |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any outward expression such as eye color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any specific character such as blue eyes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sequence of DNA that leads to a production of a different protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Location of a chromosome of a particular gene. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Alternate forms of the same genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Undercut allelle, the lack of a protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes that carry genes that aer similar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bb x Bb, yeilds a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AaBb x AaBb, yeilds a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B_ x bb
If heterozygote - dominant : 1 recessive; If homozygote - all dominant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternate allelles separate during gamete formation (meiosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Segregation of allelles on one gene have no effect on the segregation of allelles on another gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterozygous results in a mix of both allelles. (RR-red rr-white Rr-pink). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neither allelles recessive to the other, but both expressed (both dominant). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More than two allelles to choose from. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One gene, two characters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two genes, one character. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Huge range of variation (skin color, height). |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Interference |
|
Definition
| Environmenmt has large effect. (Starvation stunts growth). |
|
|
Term
| What we know about Mendel's work with pea plants |
|
Definition
1. Particles called genes.
2. Alternate traits due to allelles.
3. Diploid organisms carry 2 allelles.
4. Dominant, recessive allelles.
5. Homozygous or heterozygous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes on the same chromasome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gene found on a sex determination chromosome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Recessive allelle, carried on X chromasome. (Inability to clot blood). |
|
|
Term
| Red-Green Color Blindness |
|
Definition
| Recessive allelle, carried on X chromosome. (Red and green cannot be distinguished). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes pulled apart unequally. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 copies of chromosome #21. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genotype XXY (extremely effeminate male) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homozygous dominant. (Lack of iron in the blood). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterozygous. (Lack of Iron in blood, but unusual resistance to malaria). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One X in females shuts off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Little black speck of shut off X. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With each generation, disease gets worse. |
|
|
Term
| Four Stages of a Genetic Engineering Experiment. |
|
Definition
1) Cleaving DNA
2) Producing Recombinant DNA
3)Cloning
4) Screening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single Stranded section of DNA that sticks to DNA with a complementary strand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has both Human and Bacterial DNA (E. Coli with other traits from animals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All human genes into a library of clones. Able to find copies of any human gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small fragment of DNA with complementary sequence. |
|
|
Term
| The Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR] |
|
Definition
DNA is denatured >>> single-stranded (by heating the DNA)
Primer + DNA polymerase + nucleoside triphosphates
Produces many copies of the DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mRNA + Reverse transcriptase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differentiating between individuals by DNA sequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seperating DNA according to size. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treating people with genetic disorders via new genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creating organisms with new genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) All Species are capable of overproducing
2) Populations are capable of overproducing
3) Resources are limited
4) Individuals are unique.
5) Many characteristics are inherited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) There is a struggle for exsistence
2) There is Differential Reproduction
3) Over many generations there is a change in the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) There is a struggle for exsistence
2) There is Differential Reproduction
3) Over many generations there is a change in the population |
|
|
Term
| Descent with Modification |
|
Definition
| From generation to generation, organisms change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of conditions that organisms adapt to and thrive the best. Only one organism can occupy a niche at one time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of organisms arrive at a new set of conditions, and nature "selecting" organisms that survive by means of fitness. |
|
|
Term
| Progressive Changes in the Fossil Record |
|
Definition
| 99% of all species are now extinct. |
|
|
Term
| The Geographical Distribution of Species |
|
Definition
| Species adapted to specific locations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anatomical signs of descent with modification. |
|
|
Term
| Developmental Similarities |
|
Definition
| During embryonic development, organisms that are in early stages have very similar development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species that are related to each other have similar amino acid chains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several different species of finches, beaks were all different because they were specialized for different types of food. |
|
|
Term
| Hawaiian [I]Drosophila[/I] |
|
Definition
| A fly that has adapted to each island. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lives in a series of lakes in Africa, diversifying so that there are different species in each lake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The whole history of an organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A branching pattern of speciation events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [i]Genus species[/i], a name for every organism on earth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups based on evolutionary relatedness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Product of cladistic analysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A common ancestor, and all of it's descendants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A common ancestor and some of it's descendants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descendants without a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traits from a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traits that appear similar, but are not from a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closely related, but isn't part of the group. |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| Organisms of different species can't breed. |
|
|
Term
| Ecological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| Only one species can occupy an ecological niche. |
|
|
Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genealogical Species Concept |
|
Definition
| Relatedness among a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms are geographically separated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A new species arises in the presence of it's parental species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Barriers that take place place before sperm fertilizes the egg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diverging locations, and rarely encounter each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Being in the position to mate at different times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanically incompatible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sperm and egg don't react together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Barriers after the sperm fertilizes the egg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The zygote doesn't develop normally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Becomes an adult, but is sterile. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first generation is healthy, but each generation is worse and worse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The arrival of evolutionary novelties (eyes, limbs, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using a body part for another purpose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the relationship between evolution and development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different parts of the body grow at different rates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A juvenile organism becomes sexually mature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determine different body parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of organisms of the same species living in the same place, and capable of breeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the genes in all the alleles of a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How common is one allele over another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sudden decrease in the size of a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small group from a population forms a new population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A catastrophic event kills most of a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes moving in or out of a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes moving into a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes moving out of a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alleles becoming new alleles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One allele becoming more advantageous than another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alleles of a phenotype are moving in one direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alleles of a phenotype favor extremes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alleles of a phenotype favor mediary traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two very different phenotypes for genders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual selection within members of the same gender. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual selection between the genders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that can break down into smaller parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small molecules that make up macromolecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macromolecules used for energy storage (sugars). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| Energy is neither created nor destroyed. It is simply converted. |
|
|
Term
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| Entropy is always increasing (thermal energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things moving in a direction they do not want to move. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking large molecules and making them smaller. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule loses an electron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule gains an electron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whole path between mouth and anus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks peptide bonds, located in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down protiens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down lipids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seperates our cells from the external environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where all chemical reactions take place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma Membrane will only let certain things in or out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phosphate lipids that make up the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large protiens suspended in phosphlipid bilayer that allow materials in or out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport that does not require energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determines whether or not thing move across the membrane. Things move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passive movement of water based on levels of glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentration of glucose in the cell is greater than the concentration outside the cell. Water moves into the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentration of glucose in the cell is less than the concentration outside the cell. Water moves out of cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protiens that provide energy to move molecules up their gradients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport protiens that move ions up their gradients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expelling something undesirable from cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bringing something into the cell from the outside. |
|
|
Term
| Primary Electron Acceptor |
|
Definition
| Where electron jumps to after being phtoexcited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron runs back down th chlorophyll. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As temperature increases, rate of photosythesis speeds up. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchanging waste and nutrients with external environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How organisms exchange with the outside body for all cells (eg. lungs). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respiratory surface of water based organisms. Water carries oxygen directly to the gills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchanging gasses with the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dead-end sacks in lungs (trillions) surrounded by blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microscopic structure in kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transports urine from kidney to bladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where urine exits the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelles with huge membrane surface where the photoreaction synthesis takes place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coiled membrane in the chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pigment molecule that reflects green light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Big light gathering satellite dish. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that gather light energy and funnel energy to the reaction center. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where light reactions start. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of moving an electron to a higher energy level. |
|
|
Term
| Primary Electron Acceptor |
|
Definition
| Where electron jumps to after being phtoexcited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P700, takes the electron in chlorophyll molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P680, gives off an electron, produces oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron runs back down th chlorophyll. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result of the electron transport chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that synthesizes ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in photosynthesis due to too much light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As temperature increases, rate of photosythesis speeds up. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fixing CO2 becomes easier, rate of photosynthesis increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rubisco fixes oxygen instead of carbon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant protien on Earth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4-carbon sugar other than Rubisco is used. Another part of the plant is used to break down C4. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keep stomata closed during the day and open at night. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can perform both anerobic and aerobic respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can only perform anerobic or aerobic respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All living things are made up of cells, and all living things come from preexsisting cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single sugar (eg. glucose). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of two saccharides (eg. sucrose, lactose). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple saccharides (eg. starch, glycogen). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fats, used for long term storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fats completely surrounded by hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seperation from eternal environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The potential for kinetic or chemical energy (stored energy.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy of movement (eg. boulder falling off a cliff). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy stored in chemical bonds, released when bonds are broken. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heat energy.Energy is lost from living systems as ehat energy is lost. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things moving in a direction they want to move. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harnessing energy from the sun to produce glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harnessing energy of decomposition (eg. bacteria in sulfur springs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Take complex organic molecules and break them down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trigger reactions. Made up of protiens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way small molecules fit into a particular enzyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Place in enzyme that molecule fits into. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reactant that fits into the active site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher concentration, quicker the reactions take place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High temperature causes enzymes to break down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whole set of reactions going on in body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking small molecules and making them larger. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simplest cells that evolved first (eg. Bacteria). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex cells that contain organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Place with DNA floating in cytosol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small circular molecules fo DNA that carry exchangable genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the nucleus, produces rRNA (ribosomes). |
|
|
Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
|
Definition
| Vast membrane that wraps around for more surface area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studded with ribosomes (creates an extensive surface for ribosomes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produces protiens (not membrane bound). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Packages quantities of molecules, labels it, sends it to another part of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vesicles inside the cell that contain digestive enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes inside the cell that nuetralize peroxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infrastructure of cell that maintains shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extensions from cell membrane that move cell around. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase surface area of cell to have more room for change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hundreds of thousands of little hairs that move through the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whiplike tail that propels cell through aquatic environment (eg. sperm). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passageway through which water is carried up through the roots to the leaves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nutrients carried from the leaves down to the roots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves a fluid through the body (bathes in internal organs) |
|
|
Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
|
Definition
| Moves fluid through a system of vessels or tubes that does not leak. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keeps blood moving through system of vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First chamber in the two-chambered heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second chamber in the two-chambered heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right side of the heart that recieves deoxiginated blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pushes blood out to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries blood away from the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smallest blood vessels where exchange takes place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry blood to the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way the heart beats (Arteries contract split second before ventricles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Machine that reads the electrical activity of a heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function in immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
