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| region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts |
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| he collective term for the stack of thylakoids within the chloroplasts of plant cells. |
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| organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
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| principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy |
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| saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts |
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| large protein that uses enrgy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP |
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| reactions of photosynthesis that use energy fromlight to produce ATP and NADPH |
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ATP= one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy.
ADP- an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage |
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NADP+ = One of the carrier molecules that transfers high-enery electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
NADPH=electron carrier |
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| hydrogen ions, seen in photosynthesis and the Calvin cycle |
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Calvin cycle/Light independent reaction
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| Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars |
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| One of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells |
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| disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth. |
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| an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage |
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Growth factors and things like cells touching other cellls
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| dangerous to health; characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth |
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| not dangerous to health; not recurrent or progressive |
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| the spreading of a disease (especially cancer) to another part of the body |
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| the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms |
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| specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another |
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| one of a number of different forms of a gene |
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| seperation of alleles during gamete formation |
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| term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alles for a particular trait |
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| physical characteristics of an organism |
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| independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
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| situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
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| offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
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| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and this determines a trait |
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| specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction |
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| diagram showing the gene combination that might result from a genetic cross |
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| term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait |
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| genetic makeup of an organism |
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| situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another |
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| three or more alleles of the same gene |
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| process in whcih homologous chromosomes exchange portions fo their chromatids during meiosis |
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| diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome |
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| structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
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| process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separeation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
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| term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes. |
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| term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
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| term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
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| trait controlled by two or more genes |
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| process in which part of the nucleatide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
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| monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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| protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |
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| enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
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| mutation that shifts the "reading" fram of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
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| type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
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| principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. |
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| copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA |
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| RN molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell. |
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| type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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| decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
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| enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription . |
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| three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid. |
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| change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms |
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| inherited characteristic tht increases an organisms's chance of survival |
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| principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors |
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| well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
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| process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection |
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| structures that have different organisms that develop in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues. |
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| selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms |
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| process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reprodoc most successfully; also called survival of the fittest |
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| organ that serves no useful function in an organism |
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| ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. |
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| descent with modification |
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| principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. |
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