Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is something defined as living? |
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Definition
| Living organisms are organized, adapt, respond to the environment, reproduce and develop, acquire materials and energy |
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Term
| Where in biology do we see uniformity and where do we see diversity? |
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Definition
Life is uniform at the molecular and cellular levels
Life is diverse at the organism level and up |
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Term
| What are the steps of the scientific method? |
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Definition
| Observation/Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion |
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Term
| What can (and can't) the scientific method be used to evaluate? |
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Definition
It can evaluate things that are testable, falsifiable and repeatable
It can't evaluate past events, morals, religion, if it can't be manipulated then it can't be tested |
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Term
| What is bioethics and why is it impotant in scientific applications? |
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Definition
| The ethics of biological science and medicine, just because we can do somehting it is important to think through the implications so if we should do it |
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Term
| What is a redox reaction and why is this important in biology? |
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Definition
It's when one compound is oxidized (loses e-) the other is reduced (gains e-)
Involves the 2 most commonly seen reactions in biology (reduction reaction (gains e-) and oxidation reaction (loses e-) |
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Term
| What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon (think HONC) |
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Term
| What are the properties of water? |
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Definition
- Polar, has hydrogen bonding between molecules
- High specific heat (takes a large amount of energy to change its temperature)
- Less dense as a solid
- Good solvent
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Term
| Why is it important that ice floats? |
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Definition
| If it sank eventually all ponds, lakes and the ocean would freeze solid and all life would die b/c there would be no water |
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Term
| What are the 4 organic (macro) molecules (monomers and polymers)? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids |
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Term
| How are proteins denatured- why does this matter? |
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Definition
| Their environment causes the proteins structure to unwind and most likely cause it to lose its function |
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Term
| Why are proteins specific to their substrates and environmental parameters? |
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Definition
| For regulation and efficiency |
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Term
| What are proteins environmental parameters? |
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Definition
| pH balance, temperature and salt concentration |
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Term
| What is the nucleus's job? |
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Definition
| It is the brain of the cell, it contains the DNA |
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Term
| What is the mitochondria's job? |
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Definition
| It is the powerhouse of the cell, it is where energy (ATP) is created, cellular respiration happens in it |
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Term
| What is a ribosome's job? |
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Definition
| It conducts protein synthesis |
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Term
| What is the chloroplast's job? |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis happens in it |
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Term
| What are membranes composed of? |
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Definition
| Made of phospholipids and proteins, they seperate compartments and control molecular traffic in and out |
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Term
| What are membranes function? |
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Definition
| Everything must cross the cell membrane to enter it, it contains various transport, support and communication structures, membranes surround each organelle separating it from the rest of the cell |
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Term
| Compare and contrast active and passive types of membrane transport |
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Definition
Passive transport: no energy required, moves from high to low concentration, spontaneous via diffusion, molecules diffuce independently of each other
Active transport: must have a protein, requires energy, can go agains the concentration gradient |
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Term
| How do you kill a plant or animal cell with osmosis? |
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Definition
To kill a plant cell via osmosis you put it in a hypertonic or isotonic solution
To kill an animal cell you put it in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution |
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Term
| What is cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| How all organisms extract energy from organic molecules, glucose to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of organic molecules as final electron acceptor (ethanol, lactic acid) |
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Term
| Where do humans get their energy (ATP)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Plants use this process to capture light energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules |
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Term
| How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? |
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Definition
| They use each others substrates, Photosynthesis creates oxygen and glucose which goes into cellular respiration whose biproducts are carbon dioxide and water |
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Term
| Between cellular respiration and photosynthesis, which has a faster rate and why? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The pigments in chlorophyll mainly absorb blue and red and they don't absorb green and yellow so green is reflected thus the color green is seen |
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Term
| Why is life dependent on photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| It provides oxygen and glucose (sugar), so it allows organisms to breathe and eat |
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Term
| What is the purpose of meiosis and mitosis? |
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Definition
| Organismal reproduction, growth, repair |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the processes and outcomes of meiosis and mitosis |
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Definition
Meiosis: sexual, daughter cells are not identical copies of mother cell, only in eukaryotes
Mitosis: daughter cells are clones, occurs in all organisms, asexual
Both: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (twice in Meiosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes line up and genetic information can be exchanged between the homologues in Prophase 1 |
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Term
| Why is crossing over important? |
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Definition
| It gives rise to more genetic diversity. |
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Term
| Who is Mendel and what did he discover? |
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Definition
| He bred pea plants, studied hereditable factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Inheritable unit that could be passed on to offspring to determine their makeup, A section of DNA that codes for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic variant, genetic counterpart for traits ex. there is an allele for purple or white |
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Term
| What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles? |
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Definition
Dominant- big letter (R)
Recessive- small letter (r) |
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Term
| Who are James Watson and Francis Crick and what did they discover? |
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Definition
| DNA's double-helix structure |
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Term
| Who is Rosalind Franklin and why did she deserve, but not get the nobel prize? |
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Definition
She is credited with providing the eveidence for the symmetry of DNA,
She died in 1958 from cancer before the prize was given |
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Term
| What is the central dogma and why is it central to all biology? |
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Definition
| Protein-synthesis, proteins are used to function pretty much all DNA |
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Term
| Compare and contrast (card 1): Transcription |
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Definition
| The production of mRNA from a DNA template |
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Term
| Compare and contrast(card 2): Translation |
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Definition
| The production of a protein from an mRNA template by a ribosome |
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Term
| Compare and contrast (1): DNA |
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Definition
| Double stranded, Deoxyribose as sugar, uses T-A |
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Term
| Compare and contrast (2): RNA (tRNA and mRNA) |
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Definition
| Single stranded, ribose as sugar, uses U-A |
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Term
| What is a codon and anti-codon and why are they important? |
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Definition
Codon: specific set of 3 nucleotides that translates for a specific amino acid
The anticodon is attached to tRNA with an amino acid on the other end of it, when the anticodon matches up with the codon on the mRNA the amino acid is released from the tRNA and attaches to the forming chain which makes a protein |
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Term
| What is RNA processing in eukaryotes- what is the purpose of this? |
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Definition
| Enzymes in eukaryotic nucleus modify mRNA before it travels to the cytoplasm, both ends are usually altered, some interior parts of the molecule are cut out, and the remaining parts are spliced together |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences in cell types |
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Term
| Gene expression: Prokaryotes |
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Definition
| Use operons, no introns, gene starts on, gene inactivation via repressors that bind to the operator, the repressors cn be inactivated (or activated_, little regulation |
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Term
| Gene expression: Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Single gene, introns-splicing, default- gene off, gene activation via transcription factors that bind to the promoter and/or enhancer, regulated at many levels |
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Term
| What 2 main things contribute to gene expression? |
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Definition
| Transcription factors, operons (?) |
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Term
| What is a mutation and what are the impacts of a mutation? |
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Definition
| Change in the structure of a gene in the DNA sequece that can be transmitted to further generations, it can lead to cancer |
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Term
| Why do different cell types look different? |
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Definition
| Differential gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| A loss of regulation in cell division |
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Term
| Compare and contrast a healthy cell and a cancer cell |
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Definition
Healthy cell: regulation of cell division, still organized, if cell damaged then it will die
Cancer cell: no regulation of cell division, mutations/damages occur but it just keeps dividing |
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Term
| What are the main causes of cancer? |
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Definition
| Mutations to genes that regulate cell growth and division, mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes |
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Term
| What is the best way for an individual to deal with cancer? |
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Definition
| Do checks, be conscious of screening and catching it early, its not about preventing getting it, its about preventing allowing it to go unnoticed and untreated leading to death |
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Term
| What is a transgenic organism? |
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Definition
| An organism that contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted |
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Term
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Definition
| Techniques in DNA technology based on discovery of genome sequence, ex. Recombinant DNA, DNA cloning, Polymerase chain reaction, Gel electrophoresis, Dideoxy chain termination sequencing, Micro/Macroarrays |
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Term
| How can biotechnology be beneficial? |
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Definition
| Medical applications (gene therapy, vaccines, genetic counseling, paternity testing), forensic evidence, agricultural uses (transgenic crops), environmental cleanup |
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Term
| Is there a negative consequence to biotech? |
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Definition
| Potential hazards of creating harmful products or procedures |
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Term
| What is primary research literature and how is it different from other science reports? |
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Definition
| A publication in a journal that is the first report of an experiment, it has the scientific method in it, NOT review articles, clinical trials or opinion |
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Term
| What is a DNA fingerprint and how is it created? |
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Definition
| Characterization of an individuals DNA, created by digesting DNA samples with a restriction enzyme and separating the fragments with gel electrophoresis |
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Term
| Who is Darwin and what did he describe? |
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Definition
| Father of evolution theory, wrote The Origin of Species |
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Term
| Compare and contrast (1): Artificial Selection |
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Definition
| Humans modifying species by selecting and breeding individual with desired traits |
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Term
| Compare and contrast (2): Natural Selection |
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Definition
| Nature is doing the selecting, when the environment impacts an organism's ability to survive and reproduce, convergent evolution, mimicry, |
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Term
| What is genetic diversity/variation and why is it important? |
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Definition
| Comes from sexual reproduction and mutations, essential for population to adapt and survive, It is the wide range of genes in a population, a gene pool, it aids in survival because if they were all the same then a disease that killed one would kill all |
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Term
| What are the 5 ways that populations evolve? |
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Definition
| Natural selection, Genetic drift, Non-random mating, Mutation, Migration (gene flow) |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes that species have accumulated based on their response to their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The survival of an organism while maintaining the quality of its environment |
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Term
| What is biosphere II and what is its lesson? |
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Definition
| To evaluate if humans could exist in a closed system in hopes of colonizing other planets, showed dependency of humans on environment,we are not able to recreate a sustainable environment yet and we need to make sure we don't alter biosphere I (earth) beyond recovery |
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Term
| What is biodiversity and why is it important? |
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Definition
| The variety within and among living species, essential for maintaining ecosystems and human survival |
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Term
| What are the 4 main threats to biodiversity? |
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Definition
Loss or degradation of habitat
Introduction of non-native species
Overexploitation
Pollution |
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Term
| Why is the size of the human population a concern? |
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Definition
| Because the question of how long resources will be available could become a problem |
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Term
| What are the 2 big picture things we can do to improve the sustainability of humans in their environment? |
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Definition
Educating future generations about the essentiality of protecting the environment
Use technological advances to assist conservation efforts |
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Term
| What are some technologies that are improving sustainability? |
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Definition
Improved agricultural tech (high precision farming, less water waste, genetically modified crops)
Transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy (wind, solar, moving water, plant and animal biomass)
Restoration of ecosystems via ecological knowledge |
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