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| passing of traits from parent to offspring |
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| branch of science that deals with heredity |
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- Austrain monk
- traits are inherited in discrete packages (genes)
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| transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
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| pollination with in one flower |
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| pollination between two different plants |
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| inherited characteristics |
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stronger gene (masks/covers other genes)
Upper case letters |
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weaker gene (covered by dominant gene)
Lower case letters |
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| different forms of the same gene |
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| two alleles for a given gene are the same "pure" |
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| two alleles for a given gene are different "hybrid" |
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| genetic make-up of an individual |
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| physical appearance of an individual |
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| diagram used to predict the probabilities of a gene cross |
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| alleles for one trait separate when making gametes |
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| cross between an unknown genotype and the homozygous recessive |
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| neither allele is dominant but there is a blending of the two alleles |
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| neither allele is dominant, no blending, both alleles are expressed |
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| cross that only involves one trait |
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| cross that involves two trait simultaneously |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| only needed for dihybrid, alleles for one trait are sorted randomly as compared to alleles of a second trait |
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| monomer of DNA, basic building block |
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| process by which an organism (bacteria) is transferred from one living thing to another and causes an organism to change |
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Definition
Adenine, Guanine
(2 rings) |
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Definition
Cytosine, Thymine
(1 ring) |
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| cuts the parent DNA molecule |
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| adds correct base at the correct position |
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| Semi Conservative Model of Replication |
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Definition
| the new DNA molecule is made of one old strand and one new strand |
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| errors that happen in DNA replication, change in nucleotide |
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| side you read of DNA molecule for transcription |
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| region of the DNA where transcription begins |
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- combines with promoter to begin process of transcription
- adds the correct base at the correct position
- continues the process until it hits the termination signal
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| parts of mRNA that code for protein |
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| junk (does not code for protein) |
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| holds amino acids together |
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| same amount of A as T, and G as C |
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| photographed X-ray diffractions of DNA |
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| worked with Rosalind Franklin, used X-ray diffraction, wins Nobel Prize discovering the structure of DNA |
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| graduated high school 14 yrs old, PhD at age 22, works with Francis Crick, wins Nobel Prize for discovering the struture of DNA |
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| British, works with James Watson, Nobel Prize for discovering the structure of DNA |
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| geneticist, used Drosophila, Hypothesis: gene for eye color in drosophila is on X chromosome |
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disorders caused by genes on the X chromosome
(Hemophilia, Color Blindness, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, ALD) |
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caused by a gene that acts differently in males and females, testosterone affects the expression of a gene
(Baldness) |
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| mutation in body cell that affects you |
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| mutation in gametes, affects offspring |
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| chromosomal mutation where part of the chromosome is deleted |
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| chromosomal mutation where part of the chromosome is flipped upside down |
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| chromosomal mutation where peices of chromosomes are exchanged between non-homologous chromosomes |
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| failure of chromosome to separate during meiosis |
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- down syndrome
- extra copy of chromosome 21
- slight to severe mental impairment
- characteristic facial features
- occurs in mothers over 35
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Definition
- XO
- females
- sterile
- cannot have children
- under developed sexually
- short stature
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Definition
- XXY
- males
- sterile
- small testicles
- limited facial hair
- may develop female characteristics
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Term
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Definition
- .5% on Y chromosome
- turns on it makes the testes form, and testosterone produce male organs
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Term
| Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone |
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Definition
| stops female organ development, turned on by SRY gene |
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Definition
| special type of gene mutation that only involves one nucleotide |
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| nucleotide is substituted |
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| one nucleotide is deleted |
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mutation that causes a change in the reading frame and results in a different protein
(Deletion and Insertion) |
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| gene is on chromosomes 1 to 22, only need one gene to equal disease |
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- chromosome 4
- stuttering DNA
- results in mental impairment, loss of muscle functions, begins 30-40 yrs old
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chromosome 1 to 22, requires two copies of gene to get disease
(Cystic Fibrosis, Hereditary Deafness, PKU, Albinism) |
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| test fetus for genetic diseases, 14 to 20 weeks, remove amniotic fluid, fetal cells for karotype |
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| take tissue from chorion, fetal cells, 8 to 10 weeks) |
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many genes equals one disease
(Alcoholism, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Bipolar disorder, traits) |
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| Multiple Allele Inheritance |
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Definition
more than two alleles equals one gene
(blood type) |
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| many traits equals one gene |
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