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Biology Final Genetics
vocab and definitions
85
Biology
10th Grade
06/12/2010

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Term
Hereditary
Definition
passing of traits from parent to offspring
Term
Genetics
Definition
branch of science that deals with heredity
Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition
  • Austrain monk
  • traits are inherited in discrete packages (genes)
Term
Pollination
Definition
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Term
Self Pollination
Definition
pollination with in one flower
Term
Cross pollination
Definition
pollination between two different plants
Term
Traits
Definition
inherited characteristics
Term
Dominant Gene
Definition

stronger gene (masks/covers other genes)

Upper case letters

Term
Recessive Gene
Definition

weaker gene (covered by dominant gene)

Lower case letters

Term
Alleles
Definition
different forms of the same gene
Term
Homozygous
Definition
two alleles for a given gene are the same "pure"
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
two alleles for a given gene are different "hybrid"
Term
Genotype
Definition
genetic make-up of an individual
Term
Phenotype
Definition
physical appearance of an individual
Term
Punnett Square
Definition
diagram used to predict the probabilities of a gene cross
Term
Law of Segregation
Definition
alleles for one trait separate when making gametes
Term
Test Cross
Definition
cross between an unknown genotype and the homozygous recessive
Term
Incomplete Dominant
Definition
neither allele is dominant but there is a blending of the two alleles
Term
Co-dominance
Definition
neither allele is dominant, no blending, both alleles are expressed
Term
Monohybrid cross
Definition
cross that only involves one trait
Term
Dihybrid
Definition
cross that involves two trait simultaneously
Term
Law of Independent Assortment
Definition
only needed for dihybrid, alleles for one trait are sorted randomly as compared to alleles of a second trait
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
monomer of DNA, basic building block
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
strong
Term
Hydrogen bond
Definition
weak
Term
Transformation
Definition
process by which an organism (bacteria) is transferred from one living thing to another and causes an organism to change
Term
Purines
Definition

Adenine, Guanine

(2 rings)

Term
Pyrimadines
Definition

Cytosine, Thymine

(1 ring)

Term
DNA replication
Definition
copy the DNA molecule
Term
Helicase
Definition
cuts the parent DNA molecule
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
adds correct base at the correct position
Term
Semi Conservative Model of Replication
Definition
the new DNA molecule is made of one old strand and one new strand
Term
Mutations
Definition
errors that happen in DNA replication, change in nucleotide
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic Acid
Term
Transcription
Definition
DNA to mRNA
Term
Sense strand
Definition
side you read of DNA molecule for transcription
Term
Promoter
Definition
region of the DNA where transcription begins
Term
RNA polymerase
Definition
  • combines with promoter to begin process of transcription
  • adds the correct base at the correct position
  • continues the process until it hits the termination signal
Term
Exons
Definition
parts of mRNA that code for protein
Term
Introns
Definition
junk (does not code for protein)
Term
Translation
Definition
mRNA to protein
Term
Codon
Definition
three bases on the mRNA
Term
mRNA
Definition
messenger RNA
Term
tRNA
Definition
transfer RNA
Term
rRNA
Definition
ribosomal RNA
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
holds amino acids together
Term
Chargaff
Definition
same amount of A as T, and G as C
Term
Rosalind Franklin
Definition
photographed X-ray diffractions of DNA
Term
Maurice Wilkins
Definition
worked with Rosalind Franklin, used X-ray diffraction, wins Nobel Prize discovering the structure of DNA
Term
James Watson
Definition
graduated high school 14 yrs old, PhD at age 22, works with Francis Crick, wins Nobel Prize for discovering the struture of DNA
Term
Francis Crick
Definition
British, works with James Watson, Nobel Prize for discovering the structure of DNA
Term
Morgan
Definition
geneticist, used Drosophila, Hypothesis: gene for eye color in drosophila is on X chromosome
Term
Sex Linked Disorders
Definition

disorders caused by genes on the X chromosome

(Hemophilia, Color Blindness, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, ALD)

Term
Sex Influenced Trait
Definition

caused by a gene that acts differently in males and females, testosterone affects the expression of a gene

(Baldness)

Term
Somatic mutation
Definition
mutation in body cell that affects you
Term
Germ Mutation
Definition
mutation in gametes, affects offspring
Term
Chromosomal Mutation
Definition
larger mutation
Term
Gene Mutation
Definition
smaller mutation
Term
Deletion
Definition
chromosomal mutation where part of the chromosome is deleted
Term
Inversion
Definition
chromosomal mutation where part of the chromosome is flipped upside down
Term
Translocation
Definition
chromosomal mutation where peices of chromosomes are exchanged between non-homologous chromosomes
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
failure of chromosome to separate during meiosis
Term
Monosomy
Definition
missing a chromosome
Term
Trisomy
Definition
extra chromosome
Term
Trisomy 21
Definition
  • down syndrome
  • extra copy of chromosome 21
  • slight to severe mental impairment
  • characteristic facial features
  • occurs in mothers over 35
Term
Turner Syndrome
Definition
  • XO
  • females
  • sterile
  • cannot have children
  • under developed sexually
  • short stature
Term
Klinefelters Syndrome
Definition
  • XXY
  • males
  • sterile
  • small testicles
  • limited facial hair
  • may develop female characteristics
Term
SRY
Definition
  • .5% on Y chromosome
  • turns on it makes the testes form, and testosterone produce male organs
Term
Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone
Definition
stops female organ development, turned on by SRY gene
Term
Point Mutation
Definition
special type of gene mutation that only involves one nucleotide
Term
Substitution
Definition
nucleotide is substituted
Term
Deletion
Definition
one nucleotide is deleted
Term
Insertion
Definition
one nucleotide is added
Term
Frame Shift Mutation
Definition

mutation that causes a change in the reading frame and results in a different protein

(Deletion and Insertion)

Term
Autosomal Dominant
Definition
gene is on chromosomes 1 to 22, only need one gene to equal disease
Term
Huntingtons Disease
Definition
  • chromosome 4
  • stuttering DNA
  • results in mental impairment, loss of muscle functions, begins 30-40 yrs old
Term
Autosomal Recessive
Definition

chromosome 1 to 22, requires two copies of gene to get disease

(Cystic Fibrosis, Hereditary Deafness, PKU, Albinism)

Term
Amniocentesis
Definition
test fetus for genetic diseases, 14 to 20 weeks, remove amniotic fluid, fetal cells for karotype
Term
Chorionic Villi Sampling
Definition
take tissue from chorion, fetal cells, 8 to 10 weeks)
Term
Polygenic Inheritance
Definition

many genes equals one disease

(Alcoholism, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Bipolar disorder, traits)

Term
Multiple Allele Inheritance
Definition

more than two alleles equals one gene

(blood type)

Term
Type AB
Definition
universal recipient
Term
Type O
Definition
universal donor
Term
Pleiotropy
Definition
many traits equals one gene
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