Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on teh degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?

A. Phylogenetic

B.Morphological

C.Biological

D.Ecological

What is generally true of two very closely related species that have diverged from each otehr quite recently?

A. They shared a common ancestor recently in evolutionary time.

B.Their reproductive isolation from each otehr is complete.

C.They are unable to produce hybrid offspring upon itnerbreeding.

D.Genes are unable to pass from one species' gene pool to the toehr's gene pool.

You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described . Your assignment is to separate them into species. THere is no accompanying information as to hwere or when they were collected. Which speices concept will you have to use?

a.Phylogenetic

B.morphological

C.Biological

D.Ecological

A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within the woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the woods . THe biologist decide to designate the members of the two populations as two seperate species. Which species concept is the biologist most closely utilizing?

A.Morphological

B.Biological

C.Phylogenetic

D.Ecological

Several closely related frog species of the genus RAna are found in the forests in the forests of the southeastern United States . The species boundaries are maintained by the reproductive barriers. In each case, match the various descriptions fo frogs below with the appropraite reproductive barrier listed.

Males of one species sing only when its predators are absent; males of another species sing only when its predators are present.

A.Habitat

B.Temporal

C.Gametic

D.Mechanical

E.Behavorial

Several closely related frog species of the genus RAna are found in the forests in the forests of the southeastern United States . The species boundaries are maintained by the reproductive barriers. In each case, match the various descriptions fo frogs below with the appropraite reproductive barrier listed.

One Speices lives only in tree holes; Anotehr species lives only in streams.

A.Temporal

B.Habitat

C.Behavorial

D.Gametic

E.Mechanical

Females of one species choose mates based on the song quality;females of anotehr species choose mates on teh basis of size.

A.Habitat

B.Mechanical

C.Gametic

D.Temporal

E.Behavorial

One species mates at teh season when daylight is increasing from 13 hours , 15 minutes;another species mates at teh season wehn daylight is increasing from 14 hours to 14hours , 15 minutes.

A.Gametic

B.Behavorial

C.Habitat

D.Temporal

E.Mechanical

RAnk the following from most general to most specific:

1.gametic isolation

2.reproductive isolating mechanism

3.pollen-stigma incompatibility

4.prezygotic isolating mechanism

A.2,4,1,3

B.2,3,1,4

C.2,1,4,3

D.4,2,1,3

E.4,1,2,3

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occaionally mate,but the offspring fail to velop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

A.the postzygotic barrior called hybrid inviablitity

B.the prezygotic barrior called hybrid sterility

C.the postzygotic barrior called hybrid breakdown

D.Adaptation

E.Gametic isolation

The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping

A.plants

B.Animals that migrate

C.parasties

D.Sympatric populations

E.asexual organisms

A definign charecteristic of allopatric speciation is

A.geographic isolation

B.articificial selectoin

C.large populations

D.the appeareance of new species in the midst of old ones.

E.asexually reproducing populations

A rapid method of speciation that has been importatn in the history of flowering plants is

A.Polyploidy

B.genetic drift

C.behavioral isolatoin

D.a mutation in the gene controlling the timing of flowering

The constantly changing nature of the Appalachain ground crickets hybrid zone favors

A. no gene flow between the two gene pools

B.extinction of both species as the hybrids persist

C.little gene flow between the two gene pools

D. increased levels of gene flow between the two gene pools

A hybrid zone is properly defined as

A. zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline

B.an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow.

C.an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring.

D.An area where two closely related species ranges overlap

E.a zone that features a gradual chagne in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each otehr.

The origin of the new plant species by hybridization , coupled with accidents during nuclear division , is an example of

A.Habitat selection

B.Allopatric speciation

C.Sympatric speciation

D.autopolyploidy

Which of these should decline in hybrid zones where reinforcement is occuring?

A. Gene flow between distinct gene pools

B.Speciation

C.the genetic distinctness of two gene pools

D.Hybrid sterility

E.Mutation rate

The most likely explanation for the high rate of sympatric speciation that apparently existing among the cichlids of Lake Victoria in the ppast is

A.pollution

B.Sexual selection

C.habitat differentiatoin

D.Polyploidy

E.Introduction of a new predator.

The most likely explanation for the recent decline in the cichilid species diversity in Lake Victoria is

A. geographic isolation

B.Fusion

C.Reinforcement

D.Stablity

E.Polyploidy

In teh narrow hybrid zone that separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata, what is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species.

A.their allele frequency on one edge of the hybrid zone should roughly equal theri frequency  on the opposite edge of the hybrid zone.

B.Such alleles' heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads there.

D.Theri allele frequency should be nearly the same as the allele frequencies in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone.

C.The allele's heterozygosity shoudl be higher among the hybrid taods there.

Acoording to the concept of punctuated equilibrium , the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that

A. the speices is now extinct

B. speciation occured rapidly in geologic time

C. speciation occured instananeously

D.Speciation occured in one generation

E.the species will consequently have a relatively short existence , compared with other species .

According to the concept of punctuated equilibruim,

A.trnsistional fossils, intermediate between newer species and their parent species,should be abundant.

B.given enough time, most existing speices will branc gradually into new speices

C.natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution

D.Evolution of new pecies features long periods during which chagnes are occuring ,interpersedwith short periods of equilibrium , or stasis

E. a new species accumulates most of its unique featrues as it comes

A Fungus(form A) that grows on teh forest floor does not form sexual structures or fruiting bodies, which are frequently used for identify other fungi. However, it grows only in the vicinity of streams and otehr running water sources and survives on the feces and droppings of animals that drink in the stream. A different form(form B)grows in drier patches and grows on rotting wood for energy.

Based on the fact that neither forms have distinct shape or fruiting body, which speices concepts would be the elast applicable to distinguishing the two groups as distinct species?

A. biological

B.evolutionary

C.morphological

D.Cohesion

E.ecological species

A Fungus(form A) that grows on teh forest floor does not form sexual structures or fruiting bodies, which are frequently used for identify other fungi. However, it grows only in the vicinity of streams and otehr running water sources and survives on the feces and droppings of animals that drink in the stream. A different form(form B)grows in drier patches and grows on rotting wood for energy

30.If both fungi produce a distinct hybrid that cna breed with itself to form similarly behaving offsprings , what would be the best species concept to sue in roder to distinguish that hybrid poulation as separate species?

A. biological

B.evolutionary

C.morphological

D.Cohesion

E.ecological species

A Fungus(form A) that grows on teh forest floor does not form sexual structures or fruiting bodies, which are frequently used for identify other fungi. However, it grows only in the vicinity of streams and otehr running water sources and survives on the feces and droppings of animals that drink in the stream. A different form(form B)grows in drier patches and grows on rotting wood for energy

Which species concept would be best applied to distinguish the two groups if single criterioon is the habitat and food source for each group ?

A. biological

B.evolutionary

C.morphological

D.Cohesion

E.ecological species

The gray tree frog is a good illustation of

A.geographic isolation

B.animal polyploidy

C.hybrid zones

D.sexual selection

33. The study on two species of cichilids from Lake Victoria was on genetic isloation through

A.geographic barriers

B.Polyploidy

C.Sexual selction

D.Peripheral Isolatoin

The genus Bombina(fire and yellow bellied toad)was aa case study on

A. plolyploidy

B.fusion in the hybrid zone

c.reinforcement in the hybrid zone

D.stability in teh hybrid zone

The genus Tragopogon(goatsbear plant) was a case study on

A.Polyploidy

B.fusion in the hybrid zone

C. reinforcement in teh hybrid zone

D.stability in the hybrid zone

Catastrophism,meaing the regular occurence of geological or meteorological disturbacnes(catastrophes),was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of

A.uniformitarianism

B.the fossil record

C. origin of new species

D.evolution

E.natural selection

What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

A.Earth is a few thuosand years old, and populations gradually change.

B.Earth is millions of years old , and populations rapidly change

C.Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.

D.Earth is a few thousand yeras old, and populations are unchangin

E.Earth is millions of years old , and populations gradually change.

3. In the mid-1900's , the Soviet genetcist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventaully give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat.Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of

A.Lamarck

B.Cuvier

C.Plato

D.Darwin

E.Hutton

Who would have proposed that boundaries between each stratum mark occurene of differenet localized floods?

A. Lyell

B.Lamarck

C.Hutton

D.Darwin

E.Cuvier

DArwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species . From whom did Darwing get the concept of Earth's ancient age?

A. George Cuvier

B.John Henslow

C.Charles Lyell

D.Alfred Wallace

E.Thomas Malthus

Which of these natuarlists synthesized a concept of natural selction independently from Darwin?

A.Alfred Wallace

B.Thomas Malthus

C.john Henslow

D.Gregor Mendel

E.Charles Lyell

In Darwin's thinking the more closely realted two different organism are , the

A. Less likely they are to have eh same gens in common

B.less similiar their DNA sequences are .

C.More simliar their habitats are

D.more similiar they are in size

E. More recently the shared a common ancestor

NAtural selection is based on all of the following except

A.the best adapted individuals tend to elave the most offspring

B.populations tend to produce more individuals thanthe environemtn can support

C.individuals who sruvie longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young

D.genetic varation  exists within populations

E.individuals adapt to thier environments and therby evolve

Which of the following ferpesents an idea that Darwin learned from the wrtings fo Thomas Malthus?

A. Earth chagned over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals

B.the envorinment is responsible for natural selection.

C.Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than therir food supply normally allows

D.Earth is more than 100,000 years old

E. all Species are fixed in the form in which the are created.

!2. During drough years the Galapagos , small ,easily eaten seeds beomce rare , leaing mostly large , hard cased seeds that only birds wtih large beaks can eat .If a drought perissts for several years, what should one expect to result from natural selection?

A. More small beaked birds dying  than larger beaked birds.Offspring prduced in subsequent generations have a hihger percenatge of birds with large beaks.

B.Small birds gaining larger beaks by exercising their mouth parts

C.small brids anitcipating the long drought and eating more to gain weight and consequently ,g rowing larger beaks.

D.Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive

E.Small birds mutating their beak genes with the result that later gneration offspring have large beaks.

13.Which of Darwin's ideas had the strongest connection to DArwin having read malthus's essay on human population growth?

A. The ability of related species to be conceptualized in "tree thinking"

B.Struggle for existence

C.Variation among individuals in a population

D.Descent with modificiaon

E. That ancestors of the galapagos finches had come from teh South American mainland

DDt was once considred a silver bullet that would permanently eradicate insect pests.Today, instead , DDT is largely useless against many insect . WHich of these would have been reuiqred for this pest eradicaiont effort to be successful in the long run?

A.All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time

B.DDT application should have continual

C.None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistatant to DDt

D. Larger doses of DDt should have been applied

E. The frequency of DDt application should have been higher.

15.Of the following anatomical structures which is homologous to the wing of a bird?

A. Flipper of a cetacean

B.Dorsal fin of a shark

C.Hindlimb ofa kangaroo

D.Tail fin of a flying fish

E.Wing ofa butterfly

16.If two modern organisms are distanly related in an evolutionary sense then one should expect that

A. they shared a common ancestor relatively recently.

B.they should hsare fewere homologous structures than two more closely related organisms

C.They should be members of the same genus

D.they live in very different habitats

E. their chromosomes should be very similiar

17.Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. fossils show that they ahd dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their close relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails or ichthyosaurs and fish are

A. homologous

B.examples of convergent evolution

C.Adaptations to a common environment

D.A and C only

E.B and C only

18.It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to , simliar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that

A. common environments are inhabitated by the same organisms

B.island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools

C. teh isalnds were originally part of the continent

D. the island forms and mainland forms are converging

E.island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on EArth?

A. All organisms use essentially the smae genetic code.

B.all organisms reproduce

C.all organisms require energy

D.all organisms have undergone evolution

E.All organisms show heritable variation

21.All of the following ideas are consistent with Lamarck's ideas except;

A. Evolution

B.use and disuse

C.Inheritacne of acquired traits

D.natural selection

D.natural selection

Occurence of marsupial mammals that resemble placental counterparts in otehr parts of the world is a good illustation of

A. Homology

B.Biography

C.Convergent evoltuion

D.Divergent evolution

Which of these is a statement that DArwing would have rejected?

A. the smallest entity tha cna evolve is an invidual organims

B.Natural populations tend to produce more offspring than teh enviroment can support.

C. environmental chagne plays a role in evolution

D. inherited variation in a population is necessary precondition for natural selection to operate.

E.individuals can acquire new charecteristics as they respond to new environments or situations.

If , on average , 46% of the loci in a species gene pool are hterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be

A.92%

B.54%

C.23%

D.46%

E.There is not enough information to say.

 Which of these is the smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts?

A. A population's Gene grequency

B.An individual's genome

C.an individual's phenotype

D.an individual's genotype

E.a species' gene frequency

A trend toward the decrease in size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitueds increase is a nexample of

A. relative fitness

B.Genetic drift

C.a bottleneck

D. a cline

E. geographic variation

In a hypothetical population's gene pool, an autosomal gene, which had previously been fixed undergoes a mutation that introduces a new allele , one inherited according to incomplete dominace . Natural selectoin then caues stabilizing selection at this locus. Consequently , what should happen over the course of many genrations?

A. The proportions of both types of homozygote should decrease

B.the proportion fo the population that is heterozygous at this locus should remain constant

C.The population's average heterrozygosity should increase

D. Both a and b

E.Both A and C

A lrage population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a nubmer of generations. AFter several generations , 25% of the animals display a recessive trait(aa), the same percentage as the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominat phenotype , with heterozygotes from the homozygous dominants.

What is the most reasonable conclusion that cna be drawn froom the fact taht the frequency of the recessive trait (aa) has not changed over time ?

A.There has been sexual selection favoring allele a.

B The population is undergoing genetic drift

C. The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions

D. There has been a high rate of mutation of allele A to allele a

E. The genotype AA is lethal

A lrage population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a nubmer of generations. AFter several generations , 25% of the animals display a recessive trait(aa), the same percentage as the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominat phenotype , with heterozygotes from the homozygous dominants.

What is the estimated frequency of allele A in the pool?

A..75

B1.00

C0.25

D. .05

E.5

A lrage population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a nubmer of generations. AFter several generations , 25% of the animals display a recessive trait(aa), the same percentage as the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominat phenotype , with heterozygotes from the homozygous dominants.

What proportion of the population is probably heterozygous (Aa) forthis trait?

A..05

B.1.00

C.0.75

D..25

E..50

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a , taht are in equilibrium, the frequency of alleles  a is .4 . What is the percentagof the population that is homozygous for this allele?

A. 16

B.40

C.36

D.32

E.4

You sample a population of butterflies and find that 42% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?

A.0.7

B.0.09

C.0.30

D.0.49

E.Allele frequency cannot be determined from thsi information.

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five femal space colonists(all unrealted to each toerh )settle on an uninhabited earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The coonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations.All ten of the original colonists ahve fre earlobs and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for that trait. THe allele for free earlobes is dominat to allele for attached earlobes.

Which of these is closet to the allele frequency in the founding population?

A.0.4a,0.6A

B.0.5a,0.5A

C.0.2a,0.8A

D.0.8a,0.2A

E.0.1a,0.9A

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five femal space colonists(all unrealted to each toerh )settle on an uninhabited earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The coonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations.All ten of the original colonists ahve fre earlobs and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for that trait. THe allele for free earlobes is dominat to allele for attached earlobes.

If one assumes that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium applies to teh popualtion of colonists on this planet , about how many people will have attacehd earlobes when the planet's population reaches 10,000?

A.400

B.100

C.800

D.10000

E.1000

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five femal space colonists(all unrealted to each toerh )settle on an uninhabited earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The coonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations.All ten of the original colonists ahve fre earlobs and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for that trait. THe allele for free earlobes is dominat to allele for attached earlobes.

If four fo the orignal colonists died before tehy produced offspring , the ratios fo genotypes could be quite different in the subsequent genrations. THis would be an example of

A. Genetic drift

B.Stablizing selction

C.Gene flow

D.doploidy

E.Disruptive selection

If the frequency of a particular alleel that is  present in a small , isolated population of alpine plants decresases due to a landslide that leaves an even smaller remnanat of survivng plants bearing this allele , then what has occured?

A.Bottleneck

B.microevolution

C.genetic drift

D.A and B only

E.A,B, and C

Over time, the movement of people on EArth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing

A. genetic drift

B.Mutations

C.Gene flow

D.geographic isolation

E.non -random mating

Gene flow is a concept best used to descirbe an exchagne between

A . Species

B.Chromosomes

C.individuals

D.males and females

E.Populations

Natural Selection is most nearly the same as

A. Diploidy

B. Gene flow

C.Non-random mating

D.Differential reproductive success

E.genetic drift

Teh Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured most directly by

A. the nubmer of mates it attracts

B.The nubmer of its offspring that survive to reproduce

C. how long it lives

d. the number of "good genes" it possesses

E. its physical strength

When we say that an individual organism ahs a greater fitness than another individual , we speciically mean that the organism

A. utilizes resources more efficiently than otehr species occupying simliar niches

B.lives longer than tohers of its species

C.leaves more viable offspring than others of its species

D.competes for resources more successfully than others of its species

E. mates more frequently than others of its species

If neutral variation is truly "neutral", then it should have no effect on

A. relative fitness

B. average heterozygosity

C. gene diversity

D.nucleotide diversity

E. our ability to measure the rate of evolution

Whihc descirbes an Aftrican butterfly species that exists in two strikingly differetn color patterns?

A. stablizing selection

B.Sexual selection

C. directional selection

D. artificial selection

E. disruptive selection

 Which describes brightly colored peacocks mating more frequently than drab peacocks?

A. directional selction

B.Disruptive selction

C.sexual selection

D. artificial selection

E.stabilizing selection

Most swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Those producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness . Which of the following terms best descrbies this?

A.Artifical selection

B.directional selection

C.disruptive selection

D.sexual selection

E. stablizign selection

Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. Which of the following terms best describe this?

A.stabilizing selection

B.sexual selection

C.directional selection

D.disruptive selection

E.artificial selection

The average birth weight for human babies is around 3 kg . Which of the following terms best descibes this?

A. directional selection

B.Artificial selection

C. stabilizing selection

D.disruptive selction

E.sexual selection

A certain species of land snail exists as either a cream color or a solid brown color. intermediate individuals are relatively rare. Which of the following terms best describes this?

A. directional selection

b.artificial selection

C.sexual selection

D.disruptive selection

E.stabilizing selection

Cattle breeders have improved the quality of meat over the yeras by which process?

A. artifivial selection

B.directional selection

C.stabilizing selection

D.A and B

E.A and C

Mules are relatively long lived and hardy orgainsms that cannot, genrally speaking , perform succesful meiosis . Consequently , which statemnt about mules is true?

A. mutations cannot occur in their genomes

B.THeir offspring have less genetic variation than the parents

C.when two mules interbreed genetic recombination cannot occur by meiotic crossing over, but only by the act of fertilization

DThey ahave a relative evolutionary fitness of zero

E. if crossing over happens in mules , then it must be limited to prophase mitosis.

In speedcracker finches from Cameroon , small and large billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds , respecitely . If long term climatic change resulted in all seeds becoming hard , what type of selction would then operate on the finch population?

A. disruptive selection

B.sexual selection

C.directional selection

D.stabilizing selection

E.no selection would operate because the opulation is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibruim.

Male satin bowerbirds adorn structures that they build, called "bowers" with parrot featehrs , flowers, and toher bizarre ornaments in roder to attract femals.Females inspect the bowers and, if suitably impressed, allow males to mate with them . The evolution of this male behavior is due to

A. artificial selection

B.frequency-depenedent selection

C.sexual selection

D.natural selection

E.disruptive selection

39. There are those who claim that the theroy of evoltuion cannot e true becasue the apes , which are supposed to be closely realted to humans,do not likewise share the same large brains, capacity for complicated speech, adn tool making capability . THey reason that if these features are generally  beneficial , then the apes should have evolved them as well. Which of these provides the best argument against this misconception?

A. evolution can be influenced by environmental change.

B. a population's evolution is limited by historical constraints

C. Adaptations are often compromises

D. Advantageous alleles do not arise on demand.

Which gas was least abundant in earth’s early atmosphere prior to 2 billion year ago?
A.CH4
B.Co2
C.H20
D.NH3
E.O2

In their laboratory simulations of the early earth ,miller and urey observed the abiotic synthesis of
A liposomes
B dna
C genetic system
D amino acids
E complex organic polymers

  Which of the following has not yet been synthesized in laboratory experimens during studying the origin of life?
A.liposomes with selective permeable membranes
B oligopeptides and other oligomers
C amino acid
D protobionts that use dna to program protein synthesis
E lipsomes

  Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events ins the origin of life?
I formation of protobionts
II synthesis of organic monomers
III synthesis of organic polymers
IV formation of dna-based genetic systems

A. II,II,I,IV

B.IV,III,I,II

C.I,III,II,IV

D.I,II,III,IV

E.III,II,I,IV

  The first genes on earth were probably
A dna molecules whose information was transcribed to rna and later translated in polypeptides
B oligopeptides located within protobionts
C dna produced by reverse transcriptase from abiotically produced rna
D auto catalytic rna molecules
E rna produced by autocatylic , proteinaceous enzymes

What probably accounts for the switch to dna based genetic systems during the revolution of life on earth?
A only dna can replicate during cell division
B rna is too involved with translation of proteins and cannot provide multiple functions
C replication of rna occurs to slowly
D dna forms the rod shaped chromosomes necessary for cell division
E dna is chemically more stable

How many half lives should have elapsed if 6.25% of the parent isotope remains in a fossil at the time of analysis
A 1
B 2
C3
D 4
E 5

  Approximately how far in time does the fossil record extend
A 6000 years
B 35000000000 years
C 6000000 years
D 3500000 tears
E 5000000000000 years

< An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to
A change the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing
B prevent the formation of an ozone layer
C cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust
D make it easier to maintain reduced molecules
E make life on land difficult for aerobis organism

  Arrange these events from earliest to most recent
1 emision of lava in what is now Siberia at the time of Permian extinctions
2 emission of lava that solidified at the same time as iron-bearing terrestrial rocks began to rust
3 emission of lava that solidified at the same time as rusted iron precipitated from seawater
4 emission of lava in what is now india at times of cretaceous
A 3 1 2 4
B 3 1 4 2
C 1 2 3 4
D 3 2 1 4
E 1 3 2 4

Which free living cell were the earliest contributors to the formation of earth’s oxidizing atmosphere
A seaweeds
b cynanobacteria
c endosymbionts
d choloroplats
e mitochondria

What is though to be correct sequence of these events from earliest to most recents in the evolution
1 origin of mithichindria
2 origin of multicellular eukaryotes
3 origin of chloroplast
4 origin of cynanobacteria
5 origin of fungal plant symbioses
A 4 3 1 5 2
B 3 4 1 2 5
C 4 1 2 3 5
D 4 3 2 1 5
E 4 1 3 2 5

Recent evidence indicates that the first major diversification of multicellular eukaryotes may have coincided in time with the
A origin of prokaryotes
B massive eruptions of deep sea vents
C origin of multicellular organism
D swith to an oxidizing atmosphere
E melting that ended the snowball earth period

A major evolutionary episode that correspond in time most closely with the formation of pangae was the
A Cambrian explosion
B cretaceous extinctions
C pleistoncece ice ages
D Permian extinctions
E origin of humans

An organism has a relatively large numbers of hox genes in its genome wich of the following is not true of this organism?
A at least some of its hox genes owe their existence to gen duplication events
B it evolved from evolutionary ancestors that had fewer hox genes
C its hox genes cooperated to produce the positional patterns of this organism as it developed
D it must have multiple paired appendages along the length of its body
E it has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy

A hypothetical mutation in a squirrel population produce organism with eight legs rather that four. Further these mutant squirrels survive successfully invade new habitats and eventually give rise to a new specie the initial event giving rise to extra legs would be a example of
A species selection
B habitat selection
C changes in homeotic genes
D punctuated equilibrium
E allometry

Fossilized stromatolites
A all date from 2.7 billion years ago
B contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes and date from 2.1 billion years ago
C provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago
D formed around deep sea vents
E resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm shallow salty bays

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception
A genetic drift
B colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species
C evolutionary innovation
D an adaptive radiation in a group of organism that another group use as food
E vacant ecological niches

A genetic change that a certain hox gene to be expressed along the tip of  vertebrate limb bud instead of father back helped to make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrate of
A the influence of environment on development
B gene duplication
C heterochrony
D paedomorphosis
E a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts

A swim bladder is a gas filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy the evolution of the swim bladder from lungs of an ancestral fish is an example of
A changes in the hox gene expression
B paedomorphosis
C adaptive radiation
D an evolutionary trend
E exaptation

Select the factor most likely to have caused the animals and plants of India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia
A the species have become separated by convergent evolution
B the climates of the 2 regions are similar
C life in India was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions
D India was a separate continent until 55 million years ago
E India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia

Fossil evidence indicates that several kinds of flightless dinosaurs possessed feathers if some of these feather bearing dinosaurs incubated clutches of eggs in carefully constructed nest this might be evidence supporting the claim that
A the feathers were plucked from the bodies of other adults to provide nest building materials
B the earliest reptiles could fly and the feathers of flightless dinosaurs were vestigial flight surfaces
C all fossils with feathers are actually some kind of bird
D their feathers originally served as insulation and only later became flight surface
E dinosaurs were as fully endothermal as modern birds and mammals

Earliest fossils of multicellular animals appeared during the
A ediacaran
B Ordovician
C Silurian
D Cambrian

The first tetrapods appeared during the
A carboniferous
B Devonian
C Permian
D Cambrian
E Ordovician

Cone bearing plants started to dominate the landscape during the
A Permian
B carboniferous
C Devonian
D Jurassic
E Triassic

The first intact fossils of vascular plants appeared during the
A Permian
B carboniferous
C demonian
DSilurian
E Ordovician

First fungi appeared on the
A Permian
B carboniferous
C Devonian
D Silurian
E Ordovician

  Appearance of the primate
A neogene
B paleogene
C cretaceous
D jurrasic
E Triassic

B paleogene