Term
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Definition
| Any unintentional chance to the DNA sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| When homologs don't separate in meiosis, changing the number of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a nitrogen has base (A,T,G or C) is subtracted from the middle of a DNA sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a new nitrogen base (A,T,G or C) is added to the middle of a DNA sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a gene "jumps" from one part of a DNA sequence to another part of the molecule. |
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Term
| Two copies of chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes because they |
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Definition
| Are usually similar in shape, size, and traits. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is deletion, insertion, and/or substitution mutations always bad? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of mutations can be passed on to the offspring? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A picture of someones chromosomes that show certain mutations and our sex chromosomes. |
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Term
| What are and aren't possible effects of mutation? |
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Definition
YES:
-New traits
-Miscarriage
-Making wrong proteins
NO:
-Endosymbiosis. |
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Term
| Environmental hazards that lead to mutations are? (3) |
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Definition
1. Solar Radiation
2. Carcinogens
3. Solvents and other chemicals |
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Term
| What is true about identical twins? |
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Definition
| They have the same DNA and the same Traits. |
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Term
| What is cancer caused by? |
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Definition
| Mutations in Tumor-Supressor Genes, Mitosis gone wrong, and Environmental mutagens like smoking and radiation. |
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Term
| Major sources of Genetic Variation? (3) |
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Definition
1. Recombination during Meiosis and sexual reproduction.
2. Gene flow by immigration or emigration.
3. Mutation in DNA sequence. |
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Term
| Why do only mutations in the gametes get passed on to the offspring? |
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Definition
| Only fertilized eggs (zygotes) become new individuals. |
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Term
| What does shuffling genes cause? |
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Definition
| An increase in genetic variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrong hemoglobin protein resulting in painful blood clots and tissue damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wron channel protein resulting in musus build-up in lungs and pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrong digestive protein enzyme resulting in maldeveloped nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| One X chromosome, resulting in underdeveloped sexual characteristics, infertility. |
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Term
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Definition
| XXY, resulting in feminization of male offspring, infertility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three chromosome 21's, resulting in mental and physical retardation. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Epigenetic Factors can lead to obesity because they...? |
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Definition
| Can shut off "Fullness"/Satiation Genes. |
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Term
| How many chromosomes should a normal human karyotype have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many autosomes should a karyotype have? |
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Definition
| 44 Total. 22 Pairs. (All but the sex chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| All the different Alleles/DNA sequences for traits in one species. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the different species in a certain area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Better adapted organisms are healthier and tend to not become extinct. |
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Term
| Differential Reproduction? |
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Definition
| Better adapted organisms pass on more genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The change in gene frequencies over multiple generations. |
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Term
| How will the differences between the members of a population be most likely to be passed on to future generations? |
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Definition
| Due to genetic changes and result in favourable variations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A certain group that can reproduce with each other and produce fertile offspring. |
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Term
| Why would it be important to protect the diversity of a rainforest, when some of the plants have not been examined for medicinal purposes? |
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Definition
| The DNA instructions for plant proteins that may yeild medicines are lost when a plant becomes extinct. |
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Term
| Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: The members of a population that live long enough to reproduce. |
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Definition
| Are best adapted to survive in their environment. |
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Term
| According to the theory of evolution, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have...? |
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Definition
| Trait variations best suited for the environment. |
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Term
| High Selective Pressure (3) |
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Definition
1. Makes evolution happen faster.
2. Reduces variation in a population
3. Increase diversity if a population spilts into two or more environments. |
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Term
| Darwins theory of Evolution states that... |
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Definition
| Species change over time. |
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Term
| Horsy things have genes for different length necks? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Horsy things have genes for different length necks? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| More horsy tings are born than can survive? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Horsy things with longer neck survive better? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| All the Horsy things try to reach the branches? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Longer-necked Horsy things have more offspring? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 2nd generation Horsy thigns have longer average necks? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Natural Selection select directly from? |
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Definition
| Phenotypes / Living organisms. |
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Term
| As the trees in Africa got taller, the giraffe necks got taller because.... |
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Definition
| The genes for longer necks increased in frequency. |
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Term
| How does Competition and Natural Selection increase biodiversity? |
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Definition
| Different organisms may adapt to use different resources. |
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Term
| What needs to change for Speciation to occur? |
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Definition
| The genes controlling the reproduction need to change so much that then 2 populations can no longer produce fertile offspring. |
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Term
| Why is mutation critical to Evolution? |
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Definition
| It is the only source of new traits/genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potential mates trying to determine each others health. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main drive behing the behavior of most living things. |
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Term
| Why does biodiversity increase the chances of survival? |
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Definition
| When the environment changes, it increases the chance for certain species to thrive. |
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Term
| Genetic Variation in starting population? |
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Definition
| Some have genes for being better ____ and others have genes for being better ____ |
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Term
| Selection by survival and reproduction? |
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Definition
| The better traits were passed on. |
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Term
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Definition
| The better genes increase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any Eukaryote not a plant, fungi, or animal. |
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Term
| Why is there an incomplete fossil record? |
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Definition
| Fossils could not form in all environments in which organisms live. |
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Term
| Structures with a common origin, but not necessarily the same function? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Parts that had a function, but no longer serve a useful purpose? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most important evidence for Evolution found in the fossil record? |
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Definition
| Intermediates between different living things. |
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Term
| "Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny" |
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Definition
-An organism's evolution is mirrored in its developement.
-Embryos of recently related organisms are very similar to each other.
-Human embryos show evidence of our relationship to fish. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Body parts that are different but come from the same part. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When unrelated species adapt similar adaptive characteristics. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Organisms evolving in response to each other's evolution. |
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Term
| During Mass extinction, who has the advantage? |
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Definition
| The diverse populations, because they usually have some members with different traits to allow them to survive. |
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Term
| Why do organisms not closely related look similar? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| High Selection strength leads to...? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Speciation can occur as a result of geographical isolation because...? |
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Definition
| Populations that live in different environments may be exposed to different selection pressures. |
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Term
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Definition
| A random change in allele frequency over time. The Founder effect. |
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Term
| What are the 2 most important forms of evidence supporting Evolution? |
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Definition
1. Fossil Record.
2. DNA. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes, ancestors of Eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotes, cause many diseases, unique DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Uni- and multicellular eukaryotes, dumping ground classification. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Autotrophs, sexual or asexual reproduction, multicellular. |
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Term
|
Definition
| External heterotrophs, uni- and multicellular, immobile. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specialized tissues, mobile, internal heterotrophs. |
|
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Term
| Ponderosa Pine, Weeping Willow, Venus Fly Trap? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Amoeba, Paramecium, Kelp? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Methanogens, Thermoacidophiles, Halophiles? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Chickens, Humans, Whales, Hobbits? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Botulism and other diseases, E. coli? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Domain? (Pair and classification.) |
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Definition
Eukarya
- Membrane bound organelles like nuclei and mitochondria. |
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Term
| Order? (Pair and classification.) |
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Definition
Primates.
- Opposable thumbs, arboreal lifestyle, big brains. |
|
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Term
| Phylum? (Pair and classification.) |
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Definition
Chordata.
- Dorsal nerve cord, small group compared to Arthropoda. |
|
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Term
| Class? (Pair and classification.) |
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Definition
Mammalia.
- Milk production, hair and nails, enothermy, extensive child care. |
|
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Term
| Family? (Pair and classification.) |
|
Definition
Hominidae.
- All our ancestors going back 6.4 million years ago. |
|
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Term
| Genus? (Pair and classification.) |
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Definition
Homo.
- "Human", same as us. |
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Term
| Species? (Pair and classification.) |
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Definition
Sapiens.
-"Wise", "Brainy" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Domain------Eukarya
Kingdom-----Animalia
Phylum------Chordata
Class-------Mammalia
Order-------Primates
Family------Hominidae
Genus-------Homo
species-----Sapiens |
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Term
| The scientific names of organisms are made up of their...? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a virus non-living? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Limbs and Alveolar Lungs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Endothermy and legs under body? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Amniotic eggs and waterproof scales? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Hair, mammary glands, and extensive child care? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Exoskeleton, and open circulation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristic did we usually use to classify living things? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What characteristics do we use today to classify living things? |
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Definition
| Anatomy and DNA/macromolecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
-The evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes.
-Archaebacteria "eats" eubacteria and builds nutualistic relationship.
-Led to evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An infectious agent that spreads disease.
-Made of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) with a protein coat. |
|
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Term
| What was special about the first Dinosaurs that gave them a competitive advantage? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of organelles working together. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of cells working together. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A groud of tissues working together. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of organs working together. |
|
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Term
| What kind of respiratory system do worms have? |
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Definition
| Direct diffusion through body walls. |
|
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Term
| What kind of respiratory system do fish have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of respiratory system do Aves have? |
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Definition
| Air sac extensions of aveolar lungs. |
|
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Term
| What kind of respiratory system do Amphibia have? |
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Definition
| Direct diffusion, gills, lungs. |
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Term
| What kind of respiratory system do Arthropoda have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of respiratory system do reptilia have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism has a 4 chambered heart, and double loop circulation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism has a 2 chambered heart, and single look circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism has a 3 1/2 chambered heart, and double loop circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism has a 3 chambered heart, and double loop circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism has an open circulatory system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms have internal fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms have conjunction with division for reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms have external fertilization? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eggs laying, milk glands with pores only. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Early birth, mature in pouch. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Long internal developement, born relatively mature. |
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Term
| What is the Megatrend in the evolution of the Circulatory system? |
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Definition
| Increase in chambers of the heart to keep separate the high and low-oxygen blood to increase the organisms energy. |
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Term
| What is the Megatrend in the evolution of the Reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| To have more of the offspring developement internally to keep the organism safe and increase its chance for survival. |
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Term
| What is the Megatrend in the evolution of the Respiratory system? |
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Definition
| An increase in the surface area of the gas-exchange surface to maximize the oxygen absorbtion and CO2. |
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Term
| Which system coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environment? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The regulation of your body. |
|
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Term
| What does the Nervous system do? |
|
Definition
-Use chemicals to carry messages across the synapse.
-Use modified fats for insulation.
-Regulate and coordinate internal organ functions. |
|
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Term
| What organ produces insulin, and regulates blood sugar levels? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system carries electrical messages through body, senses, memory? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system carries chemical messages throughout the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system brings oxygen to and CO2 away from erythrocytes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system carries nutrients and wastes throughout the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system protects, maintains homeostasis, and senses environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system has hypothalamus and receptors, glands and hormones? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What system has neurons and synapses, central and peripheral? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What system has melanocytes and pressure receptors, epidermis and basal layer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What system has diaphragm and tranchea, alveoli and bronchi? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What system has ventricles and vena cave, capillaries and chambers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "Master Gland"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in charge of your metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What relays messages between nervous and endocrine systems? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are specific chemicals that activate systems? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps with balance and coordination? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What system has the spine and brain helping it out? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls involuntary functions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What has the parts of learning and memory incorporated in it? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls reflexes and relay? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mutation of Oncogenes caused by ultraviolet radiation, etc.
CAUSE: Tanning |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mitosis out of control due to smoking, etc.
CAUSE: Coal Mining |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Inadequate insulin production leading to build-up of toxins.
CAUSE: Too much Sugar consumption |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Caused by the Pancreas working too hard and the insulin making genes "wear out".
CAUSE: Eating too much sugar. |
|
|
Term
| What is an advantage to having more Melanin? |
|
Definition
| Protection from UV solar radiation, preventing skin cancer. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Heart Attack and what causes one? |
|
Definition
-Build up of plaque in arteries. It cuts oxygen flow to the heart, and if enough gets cut off then part of the heart muscle dies. (Rhythm disrupted).
CAUSE: Saturated fats and lack of exercise. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The "bonding" hormone that bonds you to people and things telling you to want more. |
|
|
Term
| How does Stress hurt our health? |
|
Definition
1. Restricts blood flow, increasing the chance of a heart attack.
2. Speeds aging process, because of a constant adrenal response. |
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