Blending Inheritance

Will lose different genes and some genes will disappear completely and then all organisms will look the exact same

Particulate Inheritance

will have the same basic genes and characteristics differences will remain

Did Mendel support particulate or blending inheritance?

He supported particulate inheritance

Characters (Traits)

Feature of a living thing (can be measured,

counted or described

e.g eye color or size

Character States

different appearances or variation of a

particular feature

What are Mendel's Principles?

Segregation

Independent Assortment

How is a gene represented?

by a pair of alleles in diploid organisms

Gene Locus

the location for a specific gene on a specific type of chromosome

Pairs of genes are the same thing as what?

three pairs of alleles

How many homologous pairs are in the average human body?

23

Segregation

pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation the fusion of gametes at fertilization creates allele paris again - segregation tends to shuffle alleles

Monohybrid Cross

look at only one feature - take a pure bred of one character state and breed it with another pure bred character state

Independent Assortment

by the end of meiosis, each pair of homolosous chromosomes and the genes they carry have been sorted into gametes, sorted independently from other pairs of homologous chromosomes

Genotype

particular pair of alleles at a locus; particular genes an individual carries

Homozygous

both allels in the homologous pari are the same

(both dominant or both recessive)

Heterozygous

both alleles in the homologous pairs

are different

Phenotype

particular trait shown by and individual.

An observable trait often expressed in words not symbols

Dominant

masks trati fo the recessive allele in the pair represented by a capital letter

Recessive

trait masked by the dominant allele in the pair

genotype represented by a lower case letter

How many different genes are in humans?

25,000

What are the sources of variation?

Gene Mutation

Crossing Over

Indepent Assortment

Fertilization

Change in chromosome number or structure

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

red snapdragons

Codominance

both dominant and recessive genes are expressed

Pleiotropy

more than one result from a particular trait

one trait will cause a lot of other variations

What is an example of pleiotropy?

Sickle cell anemia

TAQ

made it so we can solve a lot of genetic problems

and diseases

PCR Machine

a copy machine for DNA

Bacillus Thuringiensis (BT)

a bacterium that can attack caterpillars - it turns caterpillars into a useless bakc of putrid fluid

(it kills them)

The Great Chain of Being

a universal hierarchy ranking all forms of higher and lower life

From whom did the idea of the great chain of being come from?

Aristotle

Who was more or less was accredited the idea of evolution?

Lamarck

Natural Selection

"survival of the adequate"

Who gave Darwin a "theory by which to work"?

Malthus and his theory of the struggle for

existence

Overproduction

within an individual there is teh possibility to

produce too many offspring that don't

live to reproduce

Limited Resources

in concurrence wiht overproduction, there are not enough resources to feed offspring

Genetic Variation

different genes in different individuals that let them adapt to different situations

Survival of the Adequate

only have to be better than the next person

(only the individuals with the appropriate genetic variation will survive)

What is the Churches stance on evolution?

the church has given no official doctrine on the subject of evolution

What is Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

a population can change through time when individuals differ in one or more heritable traits that are responsible for differences in the ability to survive and reproduce

What is the process of natural selection?

populations can increase to huge numbers

resources become limited

there is a struggle for existence amoung individuals

What are the characters that support natural selection?

Morphological (Form)

Physiological (Function)

Behavioral (Action)

Chemical (Fine Structure)

Polymorphism

many forms - can relate to morphology, physiology, behavior and chemistry 

What kind of organisms are humans?

polymorphic

Gene Pool

Genetic variability in a population

(sources of variation)

What are the three kinds of mutations?

Lethal

Neutral

Beneficial

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

If you start out with a certain amount of variation

and there is no change, then you end up with the same amount of variation.

According to the Hardy-Weingberg Principle, allele frequencies will remain stable from one generation to the next if there is:

No gene mutation

A large population

No migrants in or out of a population

The gene does not affect reproduction or survival

All Mating is Random

Sexual Selection or Inbreeding

when mating is non random

What does the Hardy-Weinberg Principle prove?

that evolution is happening because allele frequencies are changing

What are the different types of natural selection?

Directional Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Disruptive Selection

Directional Selection

selects for (or against) one of the tails

of distribution

What is an example of Directional Selection?

Peppered Moths

Stabilizing Selection

both tails are selected against in an even

distribution

(being mediocre is the best thing to be)

Disruptive Selection

selects against the medium condition

What are the evidences of Evolution?

Fossils

Comparative Morphology

Comparative Development

Comparative Behavior

Comparative Biochemistry

What are the two major forms that speciation

occurs in?

Non-branching Evolution

Branching Evolution

Non-branching Evolution

Turns one species into another

Branching Evolution

one species produces another species

What are the two mechanisms for speciation?

Allopatric Speciation

Sympatric Speciation

Allopatric Speciation

geographic isolation as a barrier

Sympatric Speciation

same localized area

small scale barriers

What is the most common form of speciation?

Allopatric Speciation

Polyploidy

a change in chromosomal number

Hybridization

recombining genomes in different ways to make a new species but don't necessarily change

chromosome number

What is an example of hybridization?

Mules

Host Shifting

if you move the host then you will move the organism/species that feeds on it

Paedomorphosis

the retention of juvenile charctersin the adult stage of geologic history

In plants, instead of using the word phylum, they

use what word?

division

Analogy

similar in funtion but not due to inheritance from a common ancestor

Homology

similarity due to inheritance from a common

ancestor; function may differ

Synapomorphy

a shared, new, characteristic - everything after a particular anomaly has it (feathers for example)

Monophyletic Group

a common ancestor and all of its decendants

(a.k.a synapomorphy)

Parsimony

when two or more solutions are possible, take the simplest one that explains all the facts

What is another name for parsimony?

Occams razor

How do you know if two things are part of the same phylogentic group?

if they share a node

Amniocentesis

can gather the amniotic fluid and look at the genetic make up of the childe

Age of the Earth

4.6 Billion Years

Age of Life on Earth

3.5 billion years

Characteristics of Chordates

 Notochord

Dorsal, hollow nerve chord

Throat Slits

Post anal tail

How many chambers does a mammal heart have?

Four

How many chambers does a bird heart have?

four

How many chambers does a reptile heart have?

three or four

How many chambers does a amphibian heart have?

three

How many chambers does a fish heart have?

two

What characteristics make humans unique?

Walking on two feet (Bipedal Locomotion)

 Brain Size

Opposable Thumbs

Tool Use

Language

Characteristics of Monocots

One Cotyledon

Floral Parts occur in pairs of three

Leaf Veins run parallel

Pollen grains have one pore

Vascular tissue spreads througout stem

Characteristics of Dicots

Have two cotyledons

Floral parts occur in groups of fours or fives

leaf veins are netlike

Pollen grains have three pores

vascular tissue is bundled in a ring around the stem

Characteristics of Fungi

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

Extracellular Digestion

Different Kinds of Fungi

Molds

Sac Fungi (Like Yeast and Penicillum)

Club Fungi (Like Mushrooms)

Fungi Imperfecti

Lichens

What three kingdoms come out of Protista?

Animals

Fungi

Plants

What are the differnt types of Symbiosis?

Mutualism

Parasitism

Commensalism

Neutralism

Amensalism

Competition

 Examples of Mutualism

Leaf cutter ants and fungus

termites and endosymbionts

pollination

lawns and humans

Mutualism

a type of symbiosis where both

organisms benefit

Parasitism

one benefits and the other is harmed

Examples of Parasitism

malaria in humans and mosquitoes

african lions and zebras

mistletoe plant on oak trees

Commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is nuetral

Examples of Commensalism

planaria crawling across an aquatic plant

follicle mites in human pores

Neutralism

both organisms are neutral

Amensalism

one organism is neutral and the other is harmed

Examples of Amensalism

harmless fly causing a car wreck

humans "bug zapping" moths

insecticides killing birds in a corn feild

tree roots breaking up human sidewalks

Competition

both organisms are harmed

What roles do bacteria and archaea fill in ecosystems?

decomposers

pathogens

photosynthesizers

chemosynthesizers

What does SLiME stand for?

Subsurface Lithotrophic Microbial Ecosystems

Syndrome

a set of symptoms but not a disease

What are two characterisitcs of Viruses?

Have a protein coat surrounding nucleic acid

Cannot reproduce by itself

Limiting Factor

anthing that can limit life or reproduction