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Biology FC
For Comps
257
Biology
6th Grade
12/21/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
List the three parts of the cell theory.
Definition

(answers don't have to be in exact order)

1. Cells are the most basic unit of life

2. Every living thing is made up of cells

3. New cells are produced from pre-existing cells

 

Term

What is a cell membrane?

 

 

Definition
A thin, flexible barrier around cells
Term
What is a nucleus?
Definition
The control center of a cell that contians genetic material
Term
What is cytoplasm?
Definition
Material inside cell excluding the nucleus
Term
What are organelles?
Definition

Specialized structures that perform important functions

 

Term
List three types of organelles.
Definition

(any of these as long as you have three)

Nucleolus

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Complex

Lysome

Vacuole

Mitochondrion/Mitochondria

Term
What is a nucleolus?
Definition

An organelle inside nucleus, makes ribosomes

 

Term
What are ribosomes?
Definition
Organelles that assemble (collect, gather) protiens, float around in cytoplasm or are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Term
 What is an Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Definition
An organelle that puts together parts of cell membrane and transports protiens
Term

What is a Golgi Complex?

 

Definition
An organelle that processes, packages, and transports materials recieved from endoplasmic reticulum
Term
What is a lysosome?
Definition
An organelle that breaks down materials (examples: food, waste, damaged cell parts)
Term
Vacuole
Definition

An organelle that stores materials such as nutrients

 

Term
Mitochondrion
Definition
An organelle that releases energy from nutrients
Term
Respritory System
Definition
Absorbs oxygen; gets rid of carbon dioxide; helps you breath
Term
Urinary System
Definition
Gets rid of extra H2O; gets rid of wastes from blood
Term

Integumentary System

 

Definition
Protects underlying tissue
Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
Pumps blood through your blood vessels so air and other supplies can be delivered to your cells
Term
Muscular System
Definition

To produce movement

 

Term
Skeletal System Functions
Definition

 1. Provides shape and support

2. Allows movement (skeletal muscles pull on bones, making them move)

3. Protects tissues and organs

4. Stores materials

–minerials (calcium and phosphorus); fat

5. Produces blood cells

–occurs in bone marrow of long bones

Term
List the two divisions of the Skeletal System and at least two bones that are in each division
Definition

Axial: cranium, vertabrae, ribs, sternum.

 

Appendicular: bones of shoulders, arms, hands, legs, feet

Term

 1. Muscles can be ________ or ________.

 

2. Muscles can be ________ , ________ , or ________ muscle.

Definition

(order does not matter)

 

1. voluntary; involuntary

 

2. cardiac; smooth; skeletal

Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition

 Muscle that often work in pairs and move your bones.

React quikly but get tired quikly.

Can be voluntary or involuntary.

Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition

 In the heart.

Never gets tired.

Involuntary.

Term

 

 

 

Smooth Muscle

Definition

 

In blood vessels and many internalorgans such as the stomach.

React slowly but get tired slowly.

Involuntary.

 

Term

 

 

List the three layers of the Integumentary System

Definition

Epidermis

 

Dermis

 

Subcutaneous Layer

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Dermis

Definition

 

Thicker deeper layer, mostly connective tissue.

 

Contains: blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, muscles, sebaceous oil glands, and sweat glands.

Term

 

 

 

Epidermis

Definition

 

Thin, outermost layer.

 

Made up of: epithelial tissue, lots of dead cells, and living cells (which make new cells and melanin).

Term

 

 

 

Subcutaneous Layer

Definition

 

Provides warmth, protection, and helps hold skin onto underlying tissue.

 

Made of mostly fat.

Term

 

 

What are the main parts of the Integumentary System?

Definition

 

 

Skin, hair and nails.

Term

 

 

List the functions of the Integumentary System

Definition

Protection- keeps moisture in and harmful things out.

Provides information about your surroundings (nerves in skin).

Regulates body temperature (sweat evaporates and cools skin). 

Removes waste (in sweat).

Produces Vitamin D which is needed for absorbtion of calcium

Term

 

 

Atherosclerosis

Definition

A Cardiovascular problem that results from fatty materials building up on sides of blood vessels.

 

Causes include smoking, high colesterol, stress, genetics, and other reasons.

Term

 

 

Blood Pressure

Definition

 

The force that blood exerts on blood vessels.

 

Rises when ventricles contract.

Term

 

 

Stroke

Definition

 

 

Blood blood vessels in brain break or clog, depriving part of the brain of oxygen.

Term

 

 Write out the flow of blood through the  body (start from when the blood has just gotten the oxygen).

Definition
Lungs>pulmonary viens>left atrium>left ventricle>aorta>smaller arteries>capillaries (arterial)>capillaries (venous)>veins>superior/inferior vena cavas>right atrium>right ventricle>pulmonary arties>lungs
Term

 

 

The muscle that moves your shoulder is the __________.

Definition

 

 

Deltoid

Term

 

 

The muscle on the back of your leg abouve the knee is the ________.

Definition

 

 

Hamstring

Term

 

 

The muscle next to your arm pit (in the front) is the _________.

Definition

 

 

Pectoralis Major

Term

 

 

The muscle on the very low region of your back is the ________.

Definition



Glutenous Maximus

Term

 

 

The muscle on the bottom of your arm that you can bulge is the ________.

Definition

 

 

Biceps Brachii

Term

 

 

The muscle on your waist and up on the side of your body is the __________.

Definition

 

 

Latissimus Dorsi

Term

 

 

The thin band of muscle that connects part of your waist to part of your knee is the __________.

Definition

 

 

Satoris

Term

 

 

The muscle that lets you tilt your head back   is the _________.

Definition

 

 

Trapezius

Term

 

 

The muscle on the top of your arm where you usually get shots is the _______. 

Definition

 

 

Triceps Brachii

Term

 

 

The muscle on the back of your leg below the knee is the _________. 

Definition

 

 

Gastrocnemius

Term

 

 

The muscles on your stomach are the _________.

Definition

 

 

Abdominals

Term

 

 

Tendons

Definition

 

 

Connect skeletal muscles to bones.

-kind of connective tissue

Term

 

 

Flexor

Definition

 

 

A muscle that bends part of your body like your arms.

Term

 

 

Extensor

Definition

 

 

A muscle that straitens part of your body like your legs.

Term

 

 

Muscle Strain 

Definition

 

 

Also called a pulled muscle; an overstreched or torn muscle

Term

 

 

Tendonitis

Definition

 

 

When tendons are damaged and inflamed.

Term

 

 

Homeostasis

Definition

The maitenace (care for) of a stable internal enviroment, in this case, the body.

 

-examples (don't need to know): temperature control, water levels, pressure control, nutrient levels, gas levels, etc.

 

Term

 

 

Epithelial Tissue

Definition

 

Covers and protects underlying tissue. The cells stick together tightly and form a continous sheet.

 

 

Term

 

 

Nervous Tissue

Definition

 

Sends electrical signals through the brain, nerves, and sense organs (throughout the body)

Term

 

 

Muscle Tissue 

Definition

 

 

Made up of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement.

Term

 

 

Connective Tissue 

Definition

 

Joins, supports, protects, insulates, and cushions organs. It also keeps organs from falling apart.

Term

 

 

Tissue

Definition

 

 

A group of two or more cells working together to complete a task.

Term

 

 

Organ 

Definition

 

 

A group of two or more tissues working together to complete a task. 

Term

 

 

Organ System

Definition

 

 

A group of two or more organs working together to complete a task.

Term
Arthritis
Definition

The inflamation of joints.

Joints are painful, swollen, and/or stiff

 

Term
What can cause Arthritis?
Definition
The loss of cartilage
Term
Strains
Definition

Happen when ligaments are overstreched (mild sprain) or torn (severe sprain).

-swell up and may be painful.

Term
What are Fractures and how does the body deal with them
Definition

Broken bone.

Bone and blood vessels grow over the fracture, filling it back up.

Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
Bones become brittle and weak
Term
List the kinds of joints
Definition
Hinge joints, Sliding/Gliding joints, Ball-and-socket joints, Fixed joints.
Term
Melanin
Definition
Absorbs light and energyand determines skin color.
Term
Melanin is made by _________.
Definition
Melanocytes
Term
List the types of Burns
Definition
1st degree burn, 2nd degree burn, 3rd degree burn.
Term
1st Degree Burn
Definition
Only damages epidermis 
Term
2nd degree burn
Definition
Damages epidermis and dermis.
Term
3rd Degree Burn
Definition
All layers of skin are damaged.
Term
Cancer 
Definition
Uncontrolled cell division
Term
Tumor
Definition
Mass of cells 
Term
List the two types of tumors.
Definition
Benign tumors and Malignant tumors.
Term
Benign Tumors
Definition
Non-cancerous
Term
Malignant Tumors
Definition
Cancerous, invade other tissues (spread)
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition

Collects excess fluid and returns it to your blood.

Helps your body fight pathogens

Term
What is the name the of liquid that lymphatic systems pick up?
Definition
Lymph
Term
The Lymphatic System is a(n) ________ system.
Definition
Circulatory
Term
Respritory System
Definition
Brings oxygen into body and puts carbon dioxide out of the body. 
Term
What are the two parts of respiration (exchange of gas).
Definition
Breathing and Cellular Respiration.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Cells using oxygen to release energy from food during chemical reactions.
Term
List all the parts of the Respritory System.
Definition
Nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglotis, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphram, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli 
Term
List the flow of air through the respritory system.
Definition
Nasalcavity>pharynx>larynx>trachea>bronchi>bronchiole and alveoli (lungs)
Term
List the types of blood vessels.
Definition
Veins, Capillaries, Arteries
Term
Veins
Definition

Have 3 layers, but smaller than arteries.

Have valves to make blood go in the right direction.

Take blood to the heart.

Term
Arteries
Definition

Have 3 layers but thicker than veins.

Thick, elastic walls.

Take blood away from the heart.

Term
Capillaries
Definition

One cell thick.

Allow exchange of O2, and other things.

connect arteries to veins.

Term
What helps Lymph move through the Lymphatic System?
Definition
Contractions of skeletal muscle.
Term
Where does the lymph flow to get back into   the blood? 
Definition
Neck veins.
Term
What do Red Blood Cells loose right before they go into the blood stream?
Definition
Cell Nucleus and other organelles
Term
Mechanical Digestion
Definition
Disgestion that involves the crushing, churning, mashing, or any other way of breaking down food through physical means.
Term
Chemical digestion
Definition
Digestion that involves breaking down food through chemical processes like acid or solutions.
Term

1. Digestion begins in what?

 

2.(Chemical; Mechanical; Both) Digestion occurs in this first part.

Definition

1. Mouth

 

2. Both

Term

1. Food is chewed by ________ and covered in a liquid called ________.

 

2. This is done for what reason?

Definition

1. Teeth; Saliva.

 

2. It is chewed and covered in saliva so that the food can fit down the throught with ease.

Term

Chewing is a(n) ______ digestion.

 

Saliva helping to break down food is _______ digestion.

Definition
Mechanical; Chemical
Term
List the types of teeth and what each one does.
Definition

Molars-grind, Premolars-mash,

Incisors-shred.

Term
Enamel
Definition
A hard outer layer on teeth, protects inside tissue of teeth.
Term
What is the function of the digestive system?
Definition
To break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by cells. Eliminates what cannot be digested.
Term
Hunger
Definition
Is when cells send signals to the brain which indicates the need for energy.
Term
Carbohydrates are digested by ______ and _______.
Definition
Saliva and the Small Intestine
Term
What produces saliva?
Definition
Salivary Glands
Term
What is food called when it leaves the mouth?
Definition
Bolus
Term
The bolus gets pushed into the pharynx by the _______ and goes into the ________.
Definition
tounge; esophagus
Term
Esophagus
Definition
A long tube going from the pharynx to the stomach that bolus travels through.
Term
What are the rythmic contractions that push food (or bolus) down the esophagus?
Definition
Peristalsis
Term
What kind of muscle is in the esophagus?
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
Stomach
Definition
Muscular, baglike organ at end of esophagus that breaks down the bolus with chemical and mechanical digestion.
Term
_______ break down bolus through helacmic digestion.
Definition
Enzymes; chemical
Term
Where are most of the bacteria in your food killed and how?
Definition
Bacteria in food is killed in the stomach by gastric acid.
Term
After a few hours in the stomach, bolus is then called _____________.
Definition
Chyme
Term

Enzymes do _________ digestion, and the churning of the stomach does __________

digestion.

Definition
Chemical; Mechanical
Term
Fiber
Definition
The material inside plants that humans cannot digest (also called cellulose). Keeps the feces made by Large intestine soft. Keeps things moving in large intestine.
Term
Heart Burn 
Definition
When chyme from the stomach flows back into the esophagus causing a burning pain in the chest.
Term
Constipation
Definition
When the body does'nt get enough fiber, water, or excersize, the contents of the large intestine become dry, which lessens bowel movements, not letting out the waste.
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
When too little water is removed from pre-digested food, making watery and more constant bowel movements.
Term
Colon Cancer
Definition
When colon cells create a tumor and spread, making cancer in the colon.
Term
Gastrivc Ulcer 
Definition
When an opening in the stomach lining opens up. Can be caused by bacteria (most of the time it is caused by this), high-fat diet, smoking, caffeine, drugs, etc.
Term
What are the three main nutrients?
Definition
Fat, Protien, and Carbohydrates
Term
Small Intestine
Definition
A muscular tube where most of the nutrients from food is absorbed into the bloodstream. The Samll Intestine is about 6 meters long and about 2.5 cm in diameter. Chyme flows into it slowly through a valve.
Term
Peristalsis occurs in the __________ and the _________.
Definition

Esophagus; Small intestine 

 

(order does not matter)

Term
Pancreas
Definition
Fish-shaped organ located between stomach and small intestine. Releases pancreatic juice into small intestine. 
Term
Liver
Definition

A large, reddish brown organ that helps digestion, and is located on the right side of the abdomen. Makes bile. Stores nurtrients. Breaks down toxic materials (like drugs).

Makes cholesterol for cell membranes. 

Term
Bile
Definition
Helps breaks down fat, produced by liver. Stored in gallbladder.
Term
Pancreatic Juice
Definition
Produced by pancreas, released into small intestine. Contains enzymes and bicarbonates. The enzymes help break down carbs, protiens, and fats.
Term
Bicarbonates
Definition
Nuetralize Acids, in Pancreatic juice.
Term
Before chyme enters the MslaL eitSIntnE (while it is still flowing through the valve) the pancreas releases _________ into it and the liver releases _________ into it.
Definition
small intestine; pancreatic juice; bile
Term
Villi
Definition
Finger-like projections inside the smal intestine that are covered with nutrient absorbing cells and are lined with capllaries for entrance to  the bloodstream.
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
Stores, Eliminates, and Compacts indigestible material. Diameter: 7.5 cm, Length: 1.5 m. Absorbs most of the water out of the indigestible material, which then forms a solid mass called feces. Fiber is indigestible.
Term
Rectom
Definition
Last section of Large Intestine, stores feces untill they can be expelled. 
Term
Anus
Definition
Opening at end of rectum where waste is released.
Term
List the flow of food through the Digestive System, you do not need to explain what happens in each section.
Definition

Mouth>Pharynx>Esophagus>Stomach>

Valve>Small Intestine>Large Intestine>Rectum>Anus

Term
What stops the food from going into the larynx (and then into the respritory sytem)?
Definition
Epiglottis
Term

List the organs of the Digestive Tract.

Does not have to be in order.

Definition

Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

 

Term
Gallbladder
Definition
Stores Bile
Term
Kidneys
Definition
A pair of bean-shaped organs about 10 cm long. Filters waste from blood. Contains over a million nephrons.
Term
Nephrons
Definition
Tiny structures in the kidneys that filter waste (like urea) from the blood and create urine.
Term
Ureters
Definition
A pair of tubes going from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Urine flows through them to get to the bladder.
Term

The urteters use ________ to help move urine.

 

A. Cardiac Muscle

B. Smooth Muscle 

C. Valves

D. Skeletal Muscle

E. Peristalsis

E. None of the above

 

Definition
B. Smooth Muscle
Term
Urinary Bladder
Definition
Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until it can be released.
Term
Urethra
Definition
A tube through which urine leaves the body.
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone
Definition
A hormone that is released when you are thirsty. The hormone tells your nephrons to put any water back into the bloodstream to save water.  
Term
Diuretic
Definition
Liquids that make the kidneys create more urine, which releases more water, which then makes you become dehydrated quicker.
Term
_______ control the balnce of fluids in the body.
Definition
hormones
Term
What happens with saliva when you are dehydrated and why?
Definition
Saliva is produced less when you are thirsty, because this is how the body tells us we are thisty and makes us look for water. 
Term
Kidney Stones
Definition
Small objects created when salt and wastes collect together inside the kidneys. It will be painful. They will usually fit through the urinary system, but if they are too big, they will have to be broken down by shockwaves.
Term
Bladder Infection
Definition
Is caused when bacteria get into the bladder through the urethra.
Term
Kidney Disease 
Definition
Is caused when bladder infections spread to the kidneys. 
Term
Excreation
Definition
The process of removing wastes from the body.
Term
What are the wastes formed by the body?
Definition
Water, nitrogen compounds (urea), salts, CO2
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Collects, decodes, and responds to information about the body's internal and external enviroment.
Term

Central Nervous System

(CNS)

Definition
Consists of brain and spinal cord; processes incoming and outgoing messages.
Term

Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)

Definition
Consists of network of nerves throughout body; connects CNS with the body.
Term
Neurons
Definition
Transfer messages through the body in form of electrical impulses.
Term
What are the three types of neurons?
Definition
Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons, Interneurons
Term
List all the structures of a neuron.
Definition
Cell Body, Dendrites, Axon, Nuecleus, Axon Terminals
Term
The _______________________________ is the space between the dendrites and the axon terminals.
Definition
Synapse
Term
List the flow of the electrical impulse from one neuron to another neuron.
Definition
Impulse is received from axon terminals by dendrites and quikly moves through the cell body and into the axon of that neuron.
Term

The electrical impulse sent by neurons 

A. Moves at a speed of 20 miles per hour

B. Changes into a chemical when moving from the axon to the dendrites.

C. Changes into a chemical when moving through the cell body of a neuron.

D. Never changes into a chemical

 

Definition
Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition
Collect info about your surroundings, include receptors.
Term
Receptors
Definition
Parts of sensory neurons, specialized dendritesd for sensory neurons.
Term
Which division of the Nervous System sends signals to the brain for proccesing?
Definition
Periphreal Nervous System
Term
Motor Neurons 
Definition
Deliver info from CNS to other systems in the body. May send impulses to muscles to contract. May lead to the release of chemicals from glands.
Term
Efectors
Definition
Muscles and glands
Term
Interneurons
Definition
Found in brain and spinal cord. Transmit signals to motor neurons. 
Term
Nerves
Definition
Bundles of axons, blood vessels, and connective tissues. Most contain both sensory and motor axons.
Term
Brain
Definition
Nervous System's largest organ; made up of cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla.
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
About diameter of a finger; enables brain to  communicate with PNS.
Term
List the flow of impulse as your body senses something and reacts to it with movement.
Definition
Sensory neurons>spinal cord>brain>spinal cord>motor neurons.
Term
Draw a diagram of a neuron. Label all the parts of it.
Definition
(check notes)
Term
Axon
Definition
Carries impulse away from neuron onto the next one.
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Recieve impulse and carry it to the cell body of the neuron.
Term
The ________ is the largest part of a neuron.
Definition
Cell body
Term
List all five senses, you really should know this.
Definition
Taste, Touch, Smell, Sight, Hearing
Term

List the organ for:

1. Hearing

2. Smell

3. Sight

4. Taste

5. Touch

Definition

1. Ear

2. Nose

3. Eyes

4. Mouth/taste buds/tounge (either one is fine)

5. Skin

Term
What bone protects the spinal cord?
Definition
Vertabrae.
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Largest part of brain, responsible for thinking and processing, controls voluntary movements, 2 hemispheres (right controls left of body, left controls right of body), but most activities involve both hemispheres.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Below the back of cerebrum, receives sensory info from sensory neurons from skeletal muscles and joints, keeps track of body's position, balance, coordination, movement
Term
Medula
Definition

connects to spinal cord, controls many body functions

 

Ex:blood pressure, heart rate, involuntary breathing, digestion, etc

Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
Secretes harmones that affect other glands and organs, also called the master gland
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
Increases the rate at which you use energy (metabilism).
Term
Parathyroid Gland
Definition
Regulates calcium levels in blood
Term
Adrenal gland
Definition
Helps body in times of stress and danger
Term
  • Thymus Gland
Definition
Regulates the immune system, which helps body fight disease
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Regulates blood sugar levels.
Term
Ovaries
Definition
Produce harmones involved in reproduction (female)
Term
Testes
Definition
Produce harmones involved in reproduction. (male)
Term

The Pituitary gland produces ______________.

A. HGH

B. Adreanalin

C. Both B and D

D. Thyroxine

E.Human growth hormone

F. Both E and A

Definition
F. Both E and A
Term

The thyroid produces ________

A. Insulin

B. Thyroxine

C. Sperm

D. Epinephron

Definition
B. Thyroxine
Term

The Adrenal gland produces________

A. Epinephron

B. HGH

C. Eggs

D. Insulin

Definition
Term

The pancres produces________

A. HGH

B. Sperm

C. Adrenalin

D. Eggs

E. Insulin

F. Thyroxine

G. Human growth harmone

Definition
Term

Ovaries are in _______ and produce _________

 

Definition
Females; Eggs
Term
Testes are in ________and produce______
Definition
males; sperm
Term
Diabeetes type 1
Definition
Develops when the pancreas is not producing enough insulin, leads to high blood sugar levels.
Term
giantism
Definition
Is caused when the pituitary gland produces too much HGH.
Term
Dwarfism
Definition

Is caused when too little HGH is produced.

 

Term
What does the Endocrine system use to deliver hormones throughout the body?
Definition
Blood vessels and their blood flow.
Term
The Endocrine system uses what kind of messages?
Definition
Chemical
Term
The chemical messages use by the Endocrine system are called ________.
Definition
Hormones
Term
Goiter
Definition
Caused when the thyroid can't produce normal amnts of thyroxine, which makes thyroid become larger.
Term

The thyroid needs _______ to keep producing enough thyroxine.

A. Iron

B. Uranium

C. Calcium

D.Iodine

E. Bannanas

Definition
D. Iodine
Term
Noninfectious disease
Definition
Disease that can't spread from one organism to another.
Term
Infectious Disease
Definition
Disease that can spread from one organism to another.
Term
Pathogen
Definition
infectious agent that helps infectious disease.
Term
Immunity
Definition
Protection or resistance to a certain disease.
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
The process of killing pathogens in foods and drinks by means of heat.
Term
Antibiotics
Definition
Substances used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms and any diseases caused by them. Not usefull for viruses
Term
Your _____, ______, and ______ produce enzymes that kill pathogens, and are part of the 1st line of defense, which is the ______.
Definition
Nose, mouth, eyes; skin
Term
The coomon cold is caused by a  ________, which is non living pathogen that cannot be destroyed using antibiotics.
Definition
Virus
Term
Allergies
Definition

Immune system overreacts to antigens that cannot harm the body.

 

Ex: Penuts, pollen, medicines

Term
Autoimmune Diseases
Definition
Immune system attacks your own cells. Can't distinguish self from nonself cells.
Term
Cancer
Definition
Cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues. Distrupt organ functions.
Term
AIDS (acquired immune defficiancy syndrome)
Definition
Caused by HIV (human immunodefficiancy virus). Infects helper T cells so then killer T and B cells don't get activated.
Term
Macrophages
Definition
Engulf and eat pathogens, then display the antigens of the pathogen on its surface which activates helper T cells. Send chemicals that raise temperature of body.
Term
Helper T cells
Definition
Activates killer T cells and B cells
Term
Killer T cells
Definition
Kill any infected cells by recognizing the antigens on infected cells
Term
B cells
Definition
Create millions of antibodies
Term
Antibodies
Definition
Chemicals produced by B cells that cling to pathogens, marking them for destruction
Term
Memory B Cells
Definition
Remember pathogens that you have encountered before.
Term
External Fertalization
Definition
Sperm and egg fuse outside of the body
Term
Internal Fertilization
Definition
Egg and sperm fuse inside of the body
Term
Mammals
Definition
All reproduce sexually, provide milk to offspring
Term
What are the 3 types of mammals?
Definition
marsupials, placentals, monotremes
Term
Monotremes
Definition

Lay eggs, eggs hatch into very undeveloped babies which finish developing in a fold in female where milk is made

 

Term
Marsupials
Definition
Give birth to live young that are partially developed, babies finish developing in mother's pouch, not all have pouches
Term
Placentals
Definition
young are fully developed inside of mother, give birth to live young that are completely developed
Term

Human Reproduction-Male

 

WARNING: Do not allow females to read definiton.

Definition
Produces spermand deliver to female repruductive system. 2 testes produce sperm and testerone
Term

Testerone

 

WARNING: Do not allow females to read definition.

Definition

Hormone in only males that regulates sperm production and male development. 

Ex: Males get stronger and larger. 

Term
Puberty
Definition
Time when sex organs mature
Term
Sperm is produced in testes in the __________.
Definition
Seminiferous Tubules
Term

Semen

 

Definition
Sperm mixes other fluids to form semen, which then goes into the females body thrugh the urethra and penis
Term

Human reproduction-Female

 

WARNING: Do not let males read the definition

Definition
Produces eggs, nurtures the fertilized egg, and gives birth.
Term
Estrogen and Progesterone
Definition

Hormones that regulate the release of eggs and female development.

Ex: I don't know! 

Term

Ovulation

 

WARNING: Do not let males read the definition.

Definition
When the egg is released from the ovary into fallopian tube.
Term

Fallopian Tube

 

WARNING Do not let males read the definition.

Definition
Tube leading from ovaries to uterus; place where  fertilization occurs
Term
Uterus
Definition
Place where baby grows and develops
Term
Vagina
Definition
passageway where baby leaves the body and where sperm enters.
Term

Which of these animals has the male be pregnant?

A. Octopus

B. Starfish

C. Sea Horse

D. Shark

Definition
C. Sea Horse
Term

Which of these animals uses asexual reproduction?

A. Anticides

B.Bacteria

C. Ant

D. Centipedes

Definition
B. Bacteria
Term
Menstrual cycle
Definition
After puberty, every month female's body prepares for pregnancy.
Term
Menstuation
Definition
When fertilization does not occur after menstrual cycle and lining of uterus is dicharged
Term
Identical Twins
Definition
One sperm fertilizes one egg, but egg splits in  two
Term
Fraternal Twins
Definition
2 seperate sperms, 2 seperate eggs
Term
Infertility
Definition
Unability to create baby, may happen because male can't produce healthy sperm or when feale does not ovulate properly
Term
STDs (sexually transmitted disease)
Definition
Sexually transmitted disease passed from person to person during sex
Term
Nutrients
Definition
Chemicals needed for body (enegy, growth, repair,maintenece)
Term
List the three nurients
Definition
Protien, Fat, Carbohydrates
Term
Water
Definition
Needed by all cells, makes up majority of blood and other fluids
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Main source of energy, simple carbs: quick energy, like fruit and honey; complex carbs: long lasting energy, like starch
Term
Fat
Definition
Stores energy, provide protection and insulation, used to make cell membranes and certain harmones
Term
Saturated fat
Definition
found in meat, dairy, some nuts,and oil; raise cholesterol levels
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
An important fat-like substance, but to much leads to heart problems
Term
Unsaturated fat
Definition
found in vegtable oils and fish, help reduce cholesterol levels
Term
Protein
Definition
Growth, repair, structure, enzymes, hemoglobin; can be used for energy, when not carbs
Term
Vitamins
Definition
organic compounds that help regulate body processes
Term
Minerals
Definition
Chemical elements required for proper structure and function
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