Term
|
Definition
| variation of a particular inherited character (Concept 10.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of heredity (Concept 10.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant (Concept 10.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offspring of two different true-breeding varieties (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mating of two organisms that differ in only one character (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative form of a gene (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having identical alleles for a gene (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having different alleles for a gene (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the only one affecting a trait (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that does not appear to affect a trait (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagram showing the probabilities of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observable traits of an organism (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic makeup of an organism; an organism's combination of alleles (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mating of an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mating of two organisms that differ in two characters (Concept 10.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes (Concept 10.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct traits of both alleles (Concept 10.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combined effect of two or more genes on a single character (Concept 10.3) |
|
|
Term
| Chromosome theory of inheritance |
|
Definition
| generalization that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns (Concept 10.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific location of a gene on a chromosome (Concept 10.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for alleles of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together (Concept 10.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene located on a sex chromosome (Concept 10.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete set of an organism's genetic material (Concept 12.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small protein that DNA wraps around (Concept 12.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which an individual has three number 21 chromosomes, resulting in Down syndrome (Concept 12.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general set of symptoms in people with trisomy 21 (Concept 12.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| event during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate (Concept 12.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated (Concept 12.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed (Concept 12.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the original chromosome is reversed (Concept 12.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome (Concept 12.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic element that moves from one location to another in a genome (Concept 12.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family tree that records and traces the occurrence of a trait in a family (Concept 12.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual who has one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder and does not exhibit symptoms (Concept 12.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person trained to collect, analyze, and explain data about human inheritance patterns (Concept 12.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that initiates cell division (Concept 12.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene that codes for a protein that stops cell division in particular situations (Concept 12.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer-causing gene (Concept 12.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of an organism's structure (Concept 27.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of functions or processes in an organism (Concept 27.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cooperating unit of many similar cells that perform a specific function (Concept 27.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit consisting of several tissues that together perform a specific task (Concept 27.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of multiple organs that together perform a vital body function (Concept 27.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheets of closely packed cells that cover the surface of the body and line the internal organs (Concept 27.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of cells that hold together and support other tissues and cushion, insulate, and connect organs (Concept 27.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue that transmits signals in the body in response to changes in the environment (Concept 27.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell; basic unit of nervous tissue (Concept 27.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton that allows movement of the body (Concept 27.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary muscle that causes the heart to pump blood (Concept 27.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary muscle found in most organs of the body (Concept 27.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal stability or "steady state" maintained by the body (Concepts 1.3, 27.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal molecule released into the bloodstream that triggers particular responses (Concepts 27.3, 32.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aqueous solution that fills the gaps between cells in a tissue (Concept 27.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer covering that physically separates the body from the external environment (Concept 27.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of skin (Concept 27.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigmented protein that gives skin its color (Concept 27.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of skin beneath and supporting the epidermis, made up mostly of fibrous connective tissue that gives the skin its strength and elasticity (Concept 27.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue layer beneath the dermis; contains adipose tissue, a connective tissue that includes fat-storing cells and blood vessels (Concept 27.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of the backbone; encloses and protects the nerve cord (Concepts 25.1, 27.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of connective tissue softer than bone (Concept 27.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized tissue found in bone; yellow bone marrow consists of stored fat that serves as an energy reserve; red bone marrow makes cells that develop into blood cells (Concept 27.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area where one bone meets another (Concept 27.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong fibrous connective tissue that holds together the bones in movable joints (Concept 27.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of skeletal disorders characterized by inflamed joints (Concept 27.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder in which bones become thinner, more porous, and more easily broken (Concept 27.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (Concept 27.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single, long cylindrical muscle cell containing many nuclei (Concept 27.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of muscle fiber made up of smaller units that contract (sarcomeres) (Concept 27.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of contraction in a muscle fiber (Concept 27.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twisted, thin filament in a muscle fiber (Concept 27.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick filament in a muscle fiber; has bump-like projections (Concept 27.5) |
|
|
Term
| Central nervous system(CNS) |
|
Definition
| the body's primary information processing system; includes the brain and spinal cord (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nervous system(PNS) |
|
Definition
| network of nerves carrying signals into and out of the central nervous system (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundle or bundles of neuron fibers surrounded by connective tissue (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| environmental change that triggers a response (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell that carries information from the environment to the central nervous system (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized cell that transmits signals to sensory neurons (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell located entirely in the central nervous system that integrates sensory information and sends motor commands (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell that carries signals from the central nervous system to muscle or gland cells (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid, automatic response to a stimulus (Concept 28.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuron fiber that receives signals and carries them toward the cell body (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuron fiber that carries electric impulses away from the cell body and toward other cells (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick coat of material that surrounds and insulates the axon of some neurons (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uninsulated spaces between the "beads" of a myelin sheath where an action potential can be transmitted (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voltage change that occurs when the difference in charge across a membrane decreases (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum change in a membrane's voltage that must occur to generate an action potential (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron resulting in a nerve signal (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell where electrical or chemical signals are relayed (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny space separating a knob of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neuron or other cell (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messenger that carries information from one neuron to another or to another cell (Concept 28.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subdivision of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the voluntary movement of skeletal muscles (Concept 28.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subdivision of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment (Concept 28.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body for energy-consuming activities (Concept 28.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy (Concept 28.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest and most complex part of the brain, made up of the left and right hemispheres (Concept 28.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| band of nerve fibers that support communication between the two cerebral hemispheres (Concept 28.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outer region of the cerebrum containing integration centers for higher brain functions (Concept 28.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the brain located below the cerebrum and above the spinal cord; planning center that coordinates body movement (Concept 28.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower section of the brain including the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain that filters information going to and from the brain (Concept 28.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain region that sorts and exerts some control over information going to and from the cerebral cortex (Concept 28.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of the brain that is the "master control center" of the endocrine system; functions in maintaining homeostasis by regulating temperature, blood pressure, and other conditions (Concepts 28.4, 32.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of regions of the brain that interact with the cerebral cortex in emotion and memory (Concept 28.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| awareness of sensory stimuli (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meaningful interpretation of sensory data by the central nervous system (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transparent area at the front of the eye through which light enters (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colored part of the eye; controls the amount of light that enters the eye by regulating the size of the pupil (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening in the iris that admits light into the eye (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner surface of the eye that is lined with millions of photoreceptor cells (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoreceptor cell in the retina that is stimulated in bright light, enabling color vision (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoreceptor in the retina that enables vision in dim light (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the outer ear that channels sounds from the outside to the eardrum (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coiled tube in the inner ear containing hairlike projections that function in hearing (Concept 28.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resistance to a drug's effects such that more of the drug is needed to produce the same effect (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrollable dependence on a drug (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological and/or physical symptoms experienced when a person stops taking a drug to which he or she is addicted (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug, such as caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine, that generally increases activity in the central nervous system (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug such as alcohol or tranquilizers that, in general, slows central nervous system activity (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug made from dried pieces of the hemp plant (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narcotic, such as morphine or heroin, that is derived from opium poppies (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug that causes a person to see, hear, and perceive things that do not exist (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthetic drug that causes stimulant-like and hallucinogenic-like effects in the user (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance, such as certain aerosols, whose vapors produce mind-altering effects (Concept 28.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of obtaining raw materials from food (Concept 29.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of eating food or drinking; the first stage of food processing (Concept 29.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules small enough for absorption; the second stage of food processing (Concept 29.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uptake of small nutrient molecules; the third stage of food processing (Concept 29.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of undigested material from the digestive tract; the fourth stage of food processing (Concept 29.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid secreted into the mouth that contains mucus and digestive enzymes that start chemical digestion (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chewed clump of food that leaves the mouth and travels through the alimentary canal (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the junction in the throat of the alimentary canal and the trachea (Concepts 29.2, 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle-encased tube of the alimentary canal that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of smooth muscle contractions that push food through the alimentary canal (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elastic, muscular sac where some chemical and some mechanical digestion take place (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid mixture of food and stomach fluids released from the stomach into the small intestine (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, narrow tube where digestion is completed and most absorption occurs (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest organ in the body; performs many functions such as producing bile, storing glucose as glycogen, and transforming ammonia to urea (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ that stores bile from the liver and releases it into the small intestine (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gland that makes digestive enzymes and secretes them into the small intestine; makes the hormones insulin and glucagon and secretes them into the blood (Concepts 29.2, 32.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine that functions in absorbing nutrients (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the alimentary canal from which water is reabsorbed into the body (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undigested food material and other waste products that exit the body through the anus (Concept 29.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raw material that must be ingested because cells cannot make it from other molecules (Concept 29.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition caused by a diet lacking one or more essential nutrients (Concept 29.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition caused by a diet deficient in Calories (Concept 29.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of being significantly overweight (Concept 29.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating disorder brought about by an extreme pursuit of thinness characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss (Concept 29.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging (Concept 29.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid connective tissue of the circulatory system; consists of blood cells and plasma (Concept 30.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multi-chambered, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body (Concept 30.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic blood vessel that carries blood between an artery and a vein, allowing the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid (Concept 30.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body (Concept 30.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vessel that returns blood to the heart (Concept 30.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid similar to interstitial fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system (Concept 30.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circuit of blood flow that carries blood between the heart and lungs (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circuit of blood flow that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artery that carries blood directly from the heart to the rest of the body (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart chamber that receives blood returning to the heart from other parts of the body (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flap of tissue in the heart that prevents blood from flowing in the wrong direction (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific region of heart that sets the rate at which the heart contracts (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (atrioventricular node) region of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle from which electrical impulses spread to the ventricles during a heartbeat (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first number of a blood pressure reading; measures the pressure on artery walls when heart ventricles contract (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second number of a blood pressure reading; measurement of the pressure on artery walls when the heart is relaxed (Concept 30.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid portion of blood made up of water, dissolved salts, proteins, and other substances (Concept 30.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called an erythrocyte (Concept 30.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells (Concept 30.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells; also called a leukocyte (Concept 30.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fragment of a blood cell originating in the bone marrow that is involved in blood clotting (Concept 30.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposits of cholesterol, calcium, and fat that build up on artery walls and can lead to cardiovascular disease (Concept 30.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illness of the heart and/or blood vessels (Concept 30.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of the arteries that results from a buildup of plaque (Concept 30.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition of having a blood pressure of 140/90 or higher for an extended period; also called high blood pressure (Concept 30.4)
condition of having a blood pressure of 140/90 or higher for an extended period; also called high blood pressure (Concept 30.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to brain tissue resulting from a clot blocking blood flow to the brain (Concept 30.4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the junction in the throat of the alimentary canal and the trachea (Concepts 29.2, 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lungs (Concept 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voicebox; contains the vocal cords (Concept 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in some arthropods, chitin-lined air tube that forms part of the respiratory system (Concept 24.1); in humans, tube between the larynx and bronchi through which air travels to the lungs; also called the windpipe (Concept 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of two tubes connecting the trachea to each lung (Concept 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ consisting of sponge-like tissue that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood (Concept 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin tube that branches from a bronchus within a lung (Concept 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of millions of tiny sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs (Concept 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the chest cavity; contracts during inhaling and relaxes during exhaling (Concept 30.5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory disease in which alveoli lose their elasticity, leading to difficulty breathing (Concept 30.6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease-causing organism or virus (Concepts 16.4, 31.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease caused by a pathogen (Concept 31.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical or chemical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body (Concept 31.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain (Concept 31.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical alarm signal released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate during an inflammatory response (Concept 31.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein produced by cells in response to being infected by a virus; helps other cells resist the virus (Concept 31.2) |
|
|
