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Biology:Exploring Life-Final Exam
Vocab review for final exam
191
Biology
9th Grade
06/06/2010

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Term
Trait
Definition
variation of a particular inherited character (Concept 10.1)
Term
Genetics
Definition
study of heredity (Concept 10.1)
Term
Cross-fertilization
Definition
process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant (Concept 10.1)
Term
Hybrid
Definition
offspring of two different true-breeding varieties (Concept 10.2)
Term
Monohybrid cross
Definition
mating of two organisms that differ in only one character (Concept 10.2)
Term
Allele
Definition
alternative form of a gene (Concept 10.2)
Term
Homozygous
Definition
having identical alleles for a gene (Concept 10.2)
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
having different alleles for a gene (Concept 10.2)
Term
Dominant
Definition
descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the only one affecting a trait (Concept 10.2)
Term
Recessive
Definition
descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that does not appear to affect a trait (Concept 10.2)
Term
Punnett square
Definition
diagram showing the probabilities of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross (Concept 10.2)
Term
Phenotype
Definition
observable traits of an organism (Concept 10.2)
Term
Genotype
Definition
genetic makeup of an organism; an organism's combination of alleles (Concept 10.2)
Term
Testcross
Definition
mating of an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual (Concept 10.2)
Term
Dihybrid Cross
Definition
mating of two organisms that differ in two characters (Concept 10.2)
Term
Intermediate inheritance
Definition
inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes (Concept 10.3)
Term
Codominance
Definition
inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct traits of both alleles (Concept 10.3)
Term
Polygenic Inheritance
Definition
combined effect of two or more genes on a single character (Concept 10.3)
Term
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Definition
generalization that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns (Concept 10.4)
Term
Gene locus
Definition
specific location of a gene on a chromosome (Concept 10.4)
Term
Genetic linkage
Definition
tendency for alleles of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together (Concept 10.4)
Term
Sex-linked gene
Definition
gene located on a sex chromosome (Concept 10.5)
Term
Genome
Definition
complete set of an organism's genetic material (Concept 12.1)
Term
Histone
Definition
small protein that DNA wraps around (Concept 12.1)
Term
Trisome 21
Definition
condition in which an individual has three number 21 chromosomes, resulting in Down syndrome (Concept 12.2)
Term
Down syndrome
Definition
general set of symptoms in people with trisomy 21 (Concept 12.2)
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
event during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate (Concept 12.2)
Term
Duplication
Definition
change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated (Concept 12.2)
Term
Deletion
Definition
change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed (Concept 12.2)
Term
Inversion
Definition
change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the original chromosome is reversed (Concept 12.2)
Term
Translocation
Definition
change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome (Concept 12.2)
Term
Transposon
Definition
genetic element that moves from one location to another in a genome (Concept 12.2)
Term
Pedigree
Definition
family tree that records and traces the occurrence of a trait in a family (Concept 12.3)
Term
Carrier
Definition
individual who has one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder and does not exhibit symptoms (Concept 12.3)
Term
Genetic counselor
Definition
person trained to collect, analyze, and explain data about human inheritance patterns (Concept 12.3)
Term
Growth factor
Definition
protein that initiates cell division (Concept 12.4)
Term
Tumor-suppressor gene
Definition
gene that codes for a protein that stops cell division in particular situations (Concept 12.4)
Term
Oncogene
Definition
cancer-causing gene (Concept 12.4)
Term
Anatomy
Definition
study of an organism's structure (Concept 27.1)
Term
Physiology
Definition
study of functions or processes in an organism (Concept 27.1)
Term
Tissue
Definition
cooperating unit of many similar cells that perform a specific function (Concept 27.1)
Term
Organ
Definition
unit consisting of several tissues that together perform a specific task (Concept 27.1)
Term
Organ system
Definition
unit of multiple organs that together perform a vital body function (Concept 27.1)
Term
Epithelial tissue
Definition
sheets of closely packed cells that cover the surface of the body and line the internal organs (Concept 27.2)
Term
Connective tissue
Definition
groups of cells that hold together and support other tissues and cushion, insulate, and connect organs (Concept 27.2)
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition
tissue that transmits signals in the body in response to changes in the environment (Concept 27.2)
Term
Neuron
Definition
nerve cell; basic unit of nervous tissue (Concept 27.2)
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton that allows movement of the body (Concept 27.2)
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
involuntary muscle that causes the heart to pump blood (Concept 27.2)
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
involuntary muscle found in most organs of the body (Concept 27.2)
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
internal stability or "steady state" maintained by the body (Concepts 1.3, 27.3)
Term
Hormone
Definition
signal molecule released into the bloodstream that triggers particular responses (Concepts 27.3, 32.1)
Term
Interstitial fluid
Definition
aqueous solution that fills the gaps between cells in a tissue (Concept 27.3)
Term
Integumentary system
Definition
outer covering that physically separates the body from the external environment (Concept 27.3)
Term
Epidermis
Definition
outermost layer of skin (Concept 27.3)
Term
Melanin
Definition
pigmented protein that gives skin its color (Concept 27.3)
Term
Dermis
Definition
layer of skin beneath and supporting the epidermis, made up mostly of fibrous connective tissue that gives the skin its strength and elasticity (Concept 27.3)
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
tissue layer beneath the dermis; contains adipose tissue, a connective tissue that includes fat-storing cells and blood vessels (Concept 27.3)
Term
Vertebra
Definition
segment of the backbone; encloses and protects the nerve cord (Concepts 25.1, 27.4)
Term
Cartilage
Definition
type of connective tissue softer than bone (Concept 27.4)
Term
Marrow
Definition
specialized tissue found in bone; yellow bone marrow consists of stored fat that serves as an energy reserve; red bone marrow makes cells that develop into blood cells (Concept 27.4)
Term
Joint
Definition
area where one bone meets another (Concept 27.4)
Term
Ligament
Definition
strong fibrous connective tissue that holds together the bones in movable joints (Concept 27.4)
Term
Arthritis
Definition
group of skeletal disorders characterized by inflamed joints (Concept 27.4)
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
disorder in which bones become thinner, more porous, and more easily broken (Concept 27.4)
Term
Tendon
Definition
dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (Concept 27.5)
Term
Muscle fiber
Definition
single, long cylindrical muscle cell containing many nuclei (Concept 27.5)
Term
Myofibril
Definition
unit of muscle fiber made up of smaller units that contract (sarcomeres) (Concept 27.5)
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
unit of contraction in a muscle fiber (Concept 27.5)
Term
Actin
Definition
twisted, thin filament in a muscle fiber (Concept 27.5)
Term
Myosin
Definition
thick filament in a muscle fiber; has bump-like projections (Concept 27.5)
Term
Central nervous system(CNS)
Definition
the body's primary information processing system; includes the brain and spinal cord (Concept 28.1)
Term
Peripheral nervous system(PNS)
Definition
network of nerves carrying signals into and out of the central nervous system (Concept 28.1)
Term
Nerve
Definition
bundle or bundles of neuron fibers surrounded by connective tissue (Concept 28.1)
Term
Stimulus
Definition
environmental change that triggers a response (Concept 28.1)
Term
Sensory Neuron
Definition
nerve cell that carries information from the environment to the central nervous system (Concept 28.1)
Term
Sensory receptor
Definition
specialized cell that transmits signals to sensory neurons (Concept 28.1)
Term
Interneuron
Definition
nerve cell located entirely in the central nervous system that integrates sensory information and sends motor commands (Concept 28.1)
Term
Motor neuron
Definition
nerve cell that carries signals from the central nervous system to muscle or gland cells (Concept 28.1)
Term
Reflex
Definition
rapid, automatic response to a stimulus (Concept 28.1)
Term
Dendrite
Definition
neuron fiber that receives signals and carries them toward the cell body (Concept 28.2)
Term
Axon
Definition
neuron fiber that carries electric impulses away from the cell body and toward other cells (Concept 28.2)
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
thick coat of material that surrounds and insulates the axon of some neurons (Concept 28.2)
Term
Node
Definition
uninsulated spaces between the "beads" of a myelin sheath where an action potential can be transmitted (Concept 28.2)
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron (Concept 28.2)
Term
Depolarization
Definition
voltage change that occurs when the difference in charge across a membrane decreases (Concept 28.2)
Term
Threshold
Definition
minimum change in a membrane's voltage that must occur to generate an action potential (Concept 28.2)
Term
Action Potential
Definition
change in voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron resulting in a nerve signal (Concept 28.2)
Term
Synapse
Definition
junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell where electrical or chemical signals are relayed (Concept 28.2)
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
tiny space separating a knob of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neuron or other cell (Concept 28.2)
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
chemical messenger that carries information from one neuron to another or to another cell (Concept 28.2)
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
subdivision of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the voluntary movement of skeletal muscles (Concept 28.3)
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
subdivision of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment (Concept 28.3)
Term
Sympathetic division
Definition
division of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body for energy-consuming activities (Concept 28.3)
Term
Parasympathetic division
Definition
division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy (Concept 28.3)
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
largest and most complex part of the brain, made up of the left and right hemispheres (Concept 28.4)
Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
band of nerve fibers that support communication between the two cerebral hemispheres (Concept 28.4)
Term
Cerebral cortex
Definition
the outer region of the cerebrum containing integration centers for higher brain functions (Concept 28.4)
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
part of the brain located below the cerebrum and above the spinal cord; planning center that coordinates body movement (Concept 28.4)
Term
Brainstem
Definition
lower section of the brain including the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain that filters information going to and from the brain (Concept 28.4)
Term
Thalamus
Definition
brain region that sorts and exerts some control over information going to and from the cerebral cortex (Concept 28.4)
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
region of the brain that is the "master control center" of the endocrine system; functions in maintaining homeostasis by regulating temperature, blood pressure, and other conditions (Concepts 28.4, 32.4)
Term
Limbic system
Definition
system of regions of the brain that interact with the cerebral cortex in emotion and memory (Concept 28.4)
Term
Sensation
Definition
awareness of sensory stimuli (Concept 28.5)
Term
Perception
Definition
meaningful interpretation of sensory data by the central nervous system (Concept 28.5)
Term
Cornea
Definition
transparent area at the front of the eye through which light enters (Concept 28.5)
Term
Iris
Definition
colored part of the eye; controls the amount of light that enters the eye by regulating the size of the pupil (Concept 28.5)
Term
Pupil
Definition
opening in the iris that admits light into the eye (Concept 28.5)
Term
Retina
Definition
inner surface of the eye that is lined with millions of photoreceptor cells (Concept 28.5)
Term
Cone
Definition
photoreceptor cell in the retina that is stimulated in bright light, enabling color vision (Concept 28.5)
Term
Rod
Definition
photoreceptor in the retina that enables vision in dim light (Concept 28.5)
Term
Auditory canal
Definition
part of the outer ear that channels sounds from the outside to the eardrum (Concept 28.5)
Term
Cochlea
Definition
coiled tube in the inner ear containing hairlike projections that function in hearing (Concept 28.5)
Term
Tolerance
Definition
resistance to a drug's effects such that more of the drug is needed to produce the same effect (Concept 28.6)
Term
Addiction
Definition
uncontrollable dependence on a drug (Concept 28.6)
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
psychological and/or physical symptoms experienced when a person stops taking a drug to which he or she is addicted (Concept 28.6)
Term
Stimulant
Definition
drug, such as caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine, that generally increases activity in the central nervous system (Concept 28.6)
Term
Depressant
Definition
drug such as alcohol or tranquilizers that, in general, slows central nervous system activity (Concept 28.6)
Term
Marijuana
Definition
drug made from dried pieces of the hemp plant (Concept 28.6)
Term
Opiate
Definition
narcotic, such as morphine or heroin, that is derived from opium poppies (Concept 28.6)
Term
Hallucinogen
Definition
drug that causes a person to see, hear, and perceive things that do not exist (Concept 28.6)
Term
Ecstasy
Definition
synthetic drug that causes stimulant-like and hallucinogenic-like effects in the user (Concept 28.6)
Term
Inhalant
Definition
substance, such as certain aerosols, whose vapors produce mind-altering effects (Concept 28.6)
Term
Nutrition
Definition
the process of obtaining raw materials from food (Concept 29.1)
Term
Ingestion
Definition
the act of eating food or drinking; the first stage of food processing (Concept 29.1)
Term
Digestion
Definition
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules small enough for absorption; the second stage of food processing (Concept 29.1)
Term
Absorption
Definition
uptake of small nutrient molecules; the third stage of food processing (Concept 29.1)
Term
Elimination
Definition
passage of undigested material from the digestive tract; the fourth stage of food processing (Concept 29.1)
Term
Alimentary canal
Definition
digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus (Concept 29.2)
Term
Saliva
Definition
liquid secreted into the mouth that contains mucus and digestive enzymes that start chemical digestion (Concept 29.2)
Term
Bolus
Definition
chewed clump of food that leaves the mouth and travels through the alimentary canal (Concept 29.2)
Term
Pharynx
Definition
the junction in the throat of the alimentary canal and the trachea (Concepts 29.2, 30.5)
Term
Esophagus
Definition
muscle-encased tube of the alimentary canal that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach (Concept 29.2)
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
series of smooth muscle contractions that push food through the alimentary canal (Concept 29.2)
Term
Stomach
Definition
elastic, muscular sac where some chemical and some mechanical digestion take place (Concept 29.2)
Term
Chyme
Definition
liquid mixture of food and stomach fluids released from the stomach into the small intestine (Concept 29.2)
Term
Small intestine
Definition
long, narrow tube where digestion is completed and most absorption occurs (Concept 29.2)
Term
Liver
Definition
largest organ in the body; performs many functions such as producing bile, storing glucose as glycogen, and transforming ammonia to urea (Concept 29.2)
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
organ that stores bile from the liver and releases it into the small intestine (Concept 29.2)
Term
Pancreas
Definition
gland that makes digestive enzymes and secretes them into the small intestine; makes the hormones insulin and glucagon and secretes them into the blood (Concepts 29.2, 32.4)
Term
Villus
Definition
fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine that functions in absorbing nutrients (Concept 29.2)
Term
Large intestine
Definition
portion of the alimentary canal from which water is reabsorbed into the body (Concept 29.2)
Term
Feces
Definition
undigested food material and other waste products that exit the body through the anus (Concept 29.2)
Term
Essential nutrient
Definition
raw material that must be ingested because cells cannot make it from other molecules (Concept 29.3)
Term
Malnutrition
Definition
condition caused by a diet lacking one or more essential nutrients (Concept 29.4)
Term
Undernutrition
Definition
condition caused by a diet deficient in Calories (Concept 29.4)
Term
Obesity
Definition
condition of being significantly overweight (Concept 29.4)
Term
Anorexia
Definition
eating disorder brought about by an extreme pursuit of thinness characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss (Concept 29.4)
Term
Bulimia
Definition
eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging (Concept 29.4)
Term
Blood
Definition
fluid connective tissue of the circulatory system; consists of blood cells and plasma (Concept 30.1)
Term
Heart
Definition
multi-chambered, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body (Concept 30.1)
Term
Capillary
Definition
microscopic blood vessel that carries blood between an artery and a vein, allowing the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid (Concept 30.1)
Term
Artery
Definition
vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body (Concept 30.1)
Term
Vein
Definition
vessel that returns blood to the heart (Concept 30.1)
Term
Lymph
Definition
fluid similar to interstitial fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system (Concept 30.1)
Term
Pulmonary circuit
Definition
circuit of blood flow that carries blood between the heart and lungs (Concept 30.2)
Term
Systemic circuit
Definition
circuit of blood flow that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body (Concept 30.2)
Term
Aorta
Definition
artery that carries blood directly from the heart to the rest of the body (Concept 30.2)
Term
Atrium
Definition
heart chamber that receives blood returning to the heart from other parts of the body (Concept 30.2)
Term
Ventricle
Definition
heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart (Concept 30.2)
Term
Valve
Definition
flap of tissue in the heart that prevents blood from flowing in the wrong direction (Concept 30.2)
Term
Pacemaker
Definition
specific region of heart that sets the rate at which the heart contracts (Concept 30.2)
Term
AV node
Definition
(atrioventricular node) region of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle from which electrical impulses spread to the ventricles during a heartbeat (Concept 30.2)
Term
Systolic pressure
Definition
first number of a blood pressure reading; measures the pressure on artery walls when heart ventricles contract (Concept 30.2)
Term
Diastolic pressure
Definition
second number of a blood pressure reading; measurement of the pressure on artery walls when the heart is relaxed (Concept 30.2)
Term
Plasma
Definition
liquid portion of blood made up of water, dissolved salts, proteins, and other substances (Concept 30.3)
Term
Red blood cell
Definition
blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called an erythrocyte (Concept 30.3)
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells (Concept 30.3)
Term
White blood cells
Definition
blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells; also called a leukocyte (Concept 30.3)
Term
Platelet
Definition
fragment of a blood cell originating in the bone marrow that is involved in blood clotting (Concept 30.3)
Term
Plaque
Definition
deposits of cholesterol, calcium, and fat that build up on artery walls and can lead to cardiovascular disease (Concept 30.4)
Term
Cardiovascular disease
Definition
illness of the heart and/or blood vessels (Concept 30.4)
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
narrowing of the arteries that results from a buildup of plaque (Concept 30.4)
Term
Hypertension
Definition
condition of having a blood pressure of 140/90 or higher for an extended period; also called high blood pressure (Concept 30.4)


condition of having a blood pressure of 140/90 or higher for an extended period; also called high blood pressure (Concept 30.4)
Term
Stroke
Definition
damage to brain tissue resulting from a clot blocking blood flow to the brain (Concept 30.4)
Term
Pharynx
Definition
the junction in the throat of the alimentary canal and the trachea (Concepts 29.2, 30.5)
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lungs (Concept 30.5)
Term
Larynx
Definition
voicebox; contains the vocal cords (Concept 30.5)
Term
Trachea
Definition
in some arthropods, chitin-lined air tube that forms part of the respiratory system (Concept 24.1); in humans, tube between the larynx and bronchi through which air travels to the lungs; also called the windpipe (Concept 30.5)
Term
Bronchus
Definition
one of two tubes connecting the trachea to each lung (Concept 30.5)
Term
Lung
Definition
organ consisting of sponge-like tissue that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood (Concept 30.5)
Term
Bronchiole
Definition
thin tube that branches from a bronchus within a lung (Concept 30.5)
Term
Alveolus
Definition
one of millions of tiny sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs (Concept 30.5)
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the chest cavity; contracts during inhaling and relaxes during exhaling (Concept 30.5)
Term
Emphysema
Definition
respiratory disease in which alveoli lose their elasticity, leading to difficulty breathing (Concept 30.6)
Term
Pathogen
Definition
a disease-causing organism or virus (Concepts 16.4, 31.1)
Term
Infectious disease
Definition
disease caused by a pathogen (Concept 31.1)
Term
Nonspecific defense
Definition
physical or chemical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body (Concept 31.2)
Term
Inflammatory defense
Definition
nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain (Concept 31.2)
Term
Histamine
Definition
chemical alarm signal released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate during an inflammatory response (Concept 31.2)
Term
Interferon
Definition
protein produced by cells in response to being infected by a virus; helps other cells resist the virus (Concept 31.2)
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