Term
|
Definition
| chemical that controls growth and development in plants and animals |
|
|
Term
| What is target tissue/cell? |
|
Definition
| where cellular responses controlled by hormones are activated |
|
|
Term
| How fast do hormones act compared to neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
they can be slow or fast
typically slower |
|
|
Term
| In general, what do hormones control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a hormone act at the cellular level? |
|
Definition
| it binds to a ligand gated channel and causes signal transduction to a target cell |
|
|
Term
| Why is it a form of signal transduction? |
|
Definition
| it causes activation of cellular responses |
|
|
Term
| What are the five categories of growth and development that plant hormones control? |
|
Definition
growth (all parts)
flowering
fruit development/ ripening
seed/ bud germination
inhibition of growth/ development |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by antagonistic hormones? |
|
Definition
| hormones that work in opposition to one another |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by Synergistic hormones? |
|
Definition
| hormones that work with one another |
|
|
Term
| What do auxins do to a plant? |
|
Definition
stimulate cell elongation (root and shoot apical meristem)
promote phototropism
promote gravitropism |
|
|
Term
| Where are auxins produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do auxins move through cells? |
|
Definition
| diffusion and active transport |
|
|
Term
| Why do they diffuse through the top of cells and move via protein channels through the bottom of cells? |
|
Definition
| it has to do with the light and ligand gated channels |
|
|
Term
| How do auxins work when they reach their target cells? |
|
Definition
| increase proton pump activity-> make cell wall more acidic -> expansins separate microfibrils from cross linking polysaccharides -> cleaving allows microfibrils to slide -> cells elongate |
|
|
Term
| Why do the target cells elongate when cellulose is degraded? |
|
Definition
| cleaving allows microfibrils to slide |
|
|
Term
| How do auxins promote positive phototropism at the cellular level? |
|
Definition
| the transport of auxin is inhibited by light, the dark side of the plant produces more auxin, elongated cells fill with water become more heavy and bend toward the light |
|
|
Term
| Why do plants grown in dark conditions become long and spindly? |
|
Definition
| auxins promote vertical growth and transport better in the dark |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of auxins on lateral branch growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are auxins involved in gravitropism? |
|
Definition
| if auxins are inhibited, they dont do it |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of positive gravitropism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of negative gravitropism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms produce gibberellins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what environmental conditions do plants produce gibberellins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are gibberellins produced? |
|
Definition
| apical meristems and young leaves |
|
|
Term
| What effects do gibberellins have on plants, including on leaves, roots, seeds, and fruits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of gibberellins on chlorophyll? |
|
Definition
| prevents degradation of chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| How are gibberellins used commercially? |
|
Definition
| forced growth of commercial crops |
|
|
Term
| What do cytokinins do to promote plant growth? |
|
Definition
| promote cell division, fruit development, and lateral branching |
|
|
Term
| What parts of plants produce cytokinins? |
|
Definition
| produced in roots, embryos and fruits |
|
|
Term
| Through what tissue do cytokinins move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do cytokinins work antagonistically with auxins to facilitate plant embryo differentiation? |
|
Definition
cytokinin > auxin = shoot development
auxin > cytokinin = root development |
|
|
Term
| What effect do cytokinnins have on lateral branching |
|
Definition
| promote lateral branching |
|
|
Term
| What hormones promote dormancy and senescence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is abscisic acid produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of growth does abscisic acid inhibit? |
|
Definition
| both 1 and 2 degree growth |
|
|
Term
| To what hormones is abscisic antagonistic? |
|
Definition
| auxin, cytokinnins and gibberellins |
|
|
Term
| Under what conditions is abscisic acid involved in inhibition of seed germination? |
|
Definition
| when ice melts after winter and when water spurts in the desert because it is water soluble and washes away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant parts produce ethylene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is ethylene involved in apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ethylene’s effect on deciduous leaves? |
|
Definition
| promotes leaf abscission (makes them fall off) |
|
|
Term
| What is ethylene’s effect on fruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is ethylene used commercially? |
|
Definition
| to make fruits that are picked early appear ripe in stores |
|
|
Term
| Why do botanists suspect that flowering is hormone mediated? |
|
Definition
| flowering plants can be grafted to non flowering plants and flower |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by short-day plants? |
|
Definition
-need dark period
-fall/winter plants
-ex poinsettias |
|
|
Term
| What are long-day plants? |
|
Definition
-need light period
-spring/summer plants
-sun flower |
|
|
Term
| What are day-neutral plants? |
|
Definition
-length of day/night doesnt matter
-ex: tomato plant |
|
|
Term
| If plants do not respond to day length, to what other environmental factor do they usually respond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location of hormone production and secretion |
|
|
Term
| What is an endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
| secretes directly into blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What is an exoocrine gland? |
|
Definition
ducts carry products to other locations
ex: sweat/salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| the system of glands, each of which secretes different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| From what structures did endocrine glands most likely evolve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What evidence shows that endocrine glands came from neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells secrete hormones in invertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do hormones control in insects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the life history of Rhodnius |
|
Definition
| blood sucking parasited that targets thin tissue (eyelids) |
|
|
Term
| What are the hormones, structures, and target tissues involved in molting in Rhodnius and other insects? |
|
Definition
| neurosecretory cells -> secrete brain hormone -> moves through open circ system -> stimulates ligand gated gland in thorax -> gland produces ecdysone -> moves through circ system -> causes growth/ molting |
|
|
Term
| How is metamorphosis controlled in insects? |
|
Definition
| hormones (ecdysone and juvenile hormone) |
|
|
Term
| How can juvenile hormone be used to control pest insects biologically? |
|
Definition
| inhibits reproduction, keeps insects "juvenile" |
|
|
Term
| What carries hormones around the body in vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do peptide hormones exert their effects at the cellular level? |
|
Definition
| water soluble,ligand gated channels outside cell |
|
|
Term
| How do steroid hormones exert their effects at the cellular level? |
|
Definition
| lipid soluble, ligand gated channels inside cell |
|
|
Term
| How is the vertebrate brain connected to the vertebrate endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| neurons enter the hypothalamus from other areas of the brain, it sends a message to the pituitary to secrete specific hormones |
|
|
Term
| Make sure that you understand how the hypothalamus is connected to the posterior and anterior pituitary and how the hypothalamus mediates the release of hormones from the posterior and anterior pituitary. |
|
Definition
| SEE HANDOUT, KNOW ALL HORMONES |
|
|
Term
| 14. How does an environmental cue like day length eventually trigger the release of hormones, which then affect behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is asexual reproduction |
|
Definition
| reproduction without sex, mitosis, offspring 100% like parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduction with sex, meiosis, production of gametes, offspring is 50% mother, 50% father |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (without same sex cells) universal phenomenon,female eggs are always larger than male sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females lay eggs, no fertilization, produces only female offspring
ex- rotifera and whiptail lizard |
|
|
Term
| What is the evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diploid generation of a plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haploid generation of a plant |
|
|
Term
| Life cycle of a plant celled? |
|
Definition
| alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
| What parts of an angiosperm’s life cycle are located in the flowers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are perfect and imperfect flowers? |
|
Definition
perfect flowers = m/f structures on same plant
imperfect flower = separate male and female plants, or separate male and female flowers on same plant |
|
|
Term
| From what have petals and sepals evolved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does gametogenesis occur to produce pollen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location of pollen production |
|
|
Term
| what are Microspore mother cells? |
|
Definition
| diploid stage of gametogenisis that undergoes meiosis to produce a tetrad |
|
|
Term
| How many microspores are produced from the mother cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ploidy level of microspores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to each microspore after it is produced? |
|
Definition
undergo mitosis = 2 nuclei
undergoes mitosis again with 1 nuclei= 3 nuclei
produces pollen grain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male gamete of flowering plants (has a tough protein coat) |
|
|
Term
| How many nuclei does the pollen grain contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures are the plant gametes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arrival of pollen on the stigma of a female plant |
|
|
Term
| What vectors do plants use to move pollen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you tell a wind pollinated flower from an animal pollinated flower? |
|
Definition
grass/ trees = wind
flower/ fruit = animal |
|
|
Term
| What rewards do the animals receive for pollinating plants? |
|
Definition
| nutrients ie. nectar or fruit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relationship that benefits both the animal and the plant |
|
|
Term
| What types of animals serve as pollinators? |
|
Definition
| insects (beetle = largest), hummingbird, songbird, bat, rodent |
|
|
Term
| What type of plants deceive animals into pollinating them? |
|
Definition
| flowers that imitate female insects |
|
|
Term
| Where does gametogenesis occur in a plant to produce eggs? |
|
Definition
| ovules that are attached to the inner wall of the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the plant where gametogenesis occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is a megaspore mother cell? |
|
Definition
| A megaspore mother cell is a diploid cell in which meiosis will occur, resulting in the production of four megaspores |
|
|
Term
| What is the ploidy level of a megaspore mother cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from meiosis in a megaspore mother cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a single megaspore give rise to the female gametophyte (embryo sac)? |
|
Definition
-only 1 megaspore makes it (the one closest to the ovarian wall), other 3 disintegrate
-mitosis x3
-7 celled, 8 nuclei structure
-5 cells disintegrate
-forms 3n embryo sac |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of the embryo sac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joining of egg and sperm, occurs after pollination |
|
|
Term
| How are the three nuclei in a pollen grain involved in fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a pollen tube form? |
|
Definition
| 1 of the 3 nuclei in the pollen grain forms a tubular structure and penetrates the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is meant by double fertilization? |
|
Definition
1 pollen grain fertilizes egg
1 pollen grain joins with the large cell with 2 nuclei to form endosperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-seed coat
-embryo
-endosperm |
|
|
Term
| what comprises the seed coat? |
|
Definition
| outer cells of the ovule wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do animals differ from plants in their ability to reproduce sexually? |
|
Definition
| motile- can seek out mate |
|
|
Term
| What is external fertilization? |
|
Definition
sperm/ eggs shed into isotonic water environment to be fertilized
ex: fish, frogs |
|
|
Term
| What is internal fertilization? |
|
Definition
sperm placed in female body
-disadvant= pregnancy period
-advantage= dont have to worry about enviornment
ex- mollusks, arthropods, terr verts, endoparasites, barnicles |
|
|
Term
| What reproductive structures do all male animals have? |
|
Definition
-testes
-vas defrens
-seminal vesicles
-penis |
|
|
Term
| Why are male reproductive structures needed? |
|
Definition
-testes = produce sperm
-vas defrens = transport sperm from testes
-seminal vesicles = add seminal fluid to sperm to allow it to swim
-penis = enter female body |
|
|
Term
| What reproductive structures do all females have |
|
Definition
-ovaries = produce eggs
-oviduct = transport egg
-seminal receptacle = where sperm is recieved |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by gonochoristic/dioecious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by hermaphroditic/monoecious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the testes does spermatogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Make sure that you can describe all the stages of spermatogenesis. Know the ploidy level of all cells involved. |
|
Definition
| parent cell (diploid) -> meiosis -> secondary spermatocyte (haploid) -> meiosis 2 -> early spermatids (haploid) -> differentiation -> spermcells (haploid) |
|
|
Term
| How are the cellular stages of spermatogenesis arranged inside the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| as spermatogenisis progresses, cells move more inward |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the interstitial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the Vas deferens? |
|
Definition
| tube that leaves epididymis |
|
|
Term
| What are accessory sex glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of seminal fluid |
|
Definition
-sperm swim
- protection (pH of women)
-food source
-lubrication |
|
|
Term
| Where is the urethra located? |
|
Definition
| end of vas defrens, length of penis |
|
|
Term
| Where does oogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Make sure that you can describe all the stages of oogenesis. Know the ploidy level of all cells involved. |
|
Definition
| primary oocyte (diploid) -> meiosis I -> secondary oocyte (haploid) -> remains seconday oocyte until menstruation or until sperm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the oviduct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| protected development of egg |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to males at puberty? |
|
Definition
body hair
lower voice
testosterone production
balls drop
etc |
|
|
Term
| How do testosterone and gonadotropic hormones control spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
| testosterone and gonadotropic hormone both cause spermatogenisis after puberty |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the target tissues of testosterone in mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the effects of puberty ever turn off in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reproductive patterns are found among female mammals? |
|
Definition
-have estrus (heat)
-humans = mensis or menstruation |
|
|
Term
| How are female reproductive patterns similar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are female reproductive patterns different? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jacket of cells surrounding secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship of the ovum to the follicle cells? |
|
Definition
| each follicle contains a single ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the egg is released from ovary |
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highly vascularized part of the uterus lining that gets progressively thicker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when females release endometrium if the egg is not fertilized |
|
|
Term
| Use the handout on the menstrual cycle to learn the hormones and endocrine structures involved. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four hormones are involved? |
|
Definition
estrogen and progesterone
GnH (LH) and Folicle stimulating (FSH) |
|
|
Term
| What structures secrete the four hormones? |
|
Definition
ovary = estrogen and progesterone
anterior pituitary = LH and FSH |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 hormones target tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by copulation? |
|
Definition
| insertion of penis into vagina |
|
|
Term
| What causes penile erection? |
|
Definition
| blood vessels dialing upon sensory stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have an os penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ejaculation occur? |
|
Definition
| muscles of vas deferens/ urethra contract by peristalis, move semen out of urethra |
|
|
Term
| How many sperm does a “normal” human male upon ejaculation release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does a zygote implant after fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For approximately how long are female humans fertile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the corpus luteum in a pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| it doesn't degenerate and it constantly produces progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region where blood and supplies come together |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is placenta found? |
|
Definition
| animals that give live birth |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin (gonadotropic hormone)? |
|
Definition
| helps maintain corpus lutem, detected by pregnancy test |
|
|
Term
| How do birth control pills work? |
|
Definition
| inhibit FSH and LH to prevent ovulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of development? |
|
Definition
| formations of specialized structures in multicellular organisms |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell division does development involve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are growth and development related? |
|
Definition
| development is usually accompanied by development (cells divide and enlarge) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major overlapping processes of development in both plants and animals? |
|
Definition
1. Cell division (continues throughout development)
2. Morphogenesis (growth/ shaping/ structural arrangement)
3. Cell Differentiation |
|
|
Term
| How does a plant zygote divide in early development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between the developing embryo, the suspensor, and the endosperm in an early embryo? |
|
Definition
| the suspensor is between the embryo and endosperm and acts as a means to shuttle nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Of what type of tissue is the embryo composed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the embryo look like as the cotyledons develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the shoot and root apical meristems located on a developing embryo? |
|
Definition
shoot = near cotyledon
root = near suspensor |
|
|
Term
| At what point is an embryo considered to be inside a seed rather than an ovule? |
|
Definition
| when the outer wall hardens and it loses the attachment to ovary |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of a mature embryo? |
|
Definition
| longer cotyledon, larger embryo |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by germination? |
|
Definition
| the breaking out of the seed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water penetrates seed coat |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of abscisic acid in germination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulls the seed out of the soil |
|
|
Term
| What is the hypocotyl's relationship to cotyledons? |
|
Definition
| makes cotyledons face upward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant when it is said that plants have indeterminant growth and persistent morphogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What metabolic processes increase in an animal zygote right after fertilization? |
|
Definition
| uptake of phosphates and protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by cleavage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does cleavage occur in early animal embryos? |
|
Definition
| reduce the size of the cell so it is more manageable by nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Be able to recognize very early stages (2-celled, 8-celled, etc.). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a 128 (or more) fluid filled ball of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled space inside the blastula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the product of the blastula hollowing itself out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening to invaginated arch of the migrated cells of the gastrula |
|
|
Term
| What is the major embryonic difference between protostomes and deuterostomes? |
|
Definition
protostomes = develop mouth first
deuterostomes =develop anus first |
|
|
Term
| What phyla are protostomes? |
|
Definition
| all except echinoderms and chordata |
|
|
Term
| What phyla are deuterostomes? |
|
Definition
| echinodermata and chordata |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary germ layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary germ layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the major body organs that develop from the different germ layers. |
|
Definition
ecto- skin, eye, lens, lining of mouth and anus
endo- lines digestive system, liver, pancreas, lungs
meso- connective tissue (bone, blood, cartilidge) |
|
|
Term
| How is morphogenesis different in animals than plants? |
|
Definition
| not continual like it is in plants |
|
|
Term
| What are the five cellular events that must take place in morphogenesis? |
|
Definition
-mitosis
-cell migration (move to certain locations in developing embryos)
-changes in cell shape/ size (oval cells become wedge shaped to fit around lumen)
localized growth (controlled by RG in each species, allometry)
controlled cell death (apoptosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of organ systems |
|
|
Term
| What organ develops first and from what? |
|
Definition
| nervous system, neurulation from ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes that determine what parts of the body grow what |
|
|
Term
| How does the homeotic box differ in different animals? |
|
Definition
| different DNA leads to different genes |
|
|
Term
| What kind of mutations can we see in fruit flies |
|
Definition
| legs where mouth parts should be |
|
|
