Seeds

Reduced gametophytes

heterospory

ovules

pollen 

Gymnosperms, what are they?

A seed coat (derived from integument)

Food supply (gametophyte tissue)

Embryo 

Outer coat protects microspore

Permits wide range dispersal by wind and animals

Outer coat protects the sporophyte embryo

have a supply of stored food which allows them to be dormant for a long time 

Filament --> stalk

Anther--> terminal sacs

single ovary...

Fleshy--> grapes

Dry--> nuts

single flower, many ovaries

Raspberries

-Multicellular

-Heterotrophic

-Ingest food to obtain some organic molecules

-Eukaryotes

-Cells held together by collagen

Have 2 germ layers:

Endoderm and ectoderm 

Have three germ layers:

Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm

Coelom is lined on both sides with mesoderm

Ex: earth worm

Coelem is lined by endoderm on one side and mesoderm on the other

Ex: Round worms

Have no body cavity

Ex: flatworms

At the 4 cell stage, the fate of the embryonic cell is unknown

Ex: stem cells 

Protstomes - coelom is formed by schizocoely ... splits in the mesoderm

Deuterostromes - coelom is formed by enterocoely...from outpocketings of the archenteron 

Symbiotic theory

Syncytial Theory 

Colonial Theory 

Symbiosis within a species

Ex: volvox

Sessile (don't move)

Suspension feeders (capture food particles in the water that pass through their bodies)

Have no true tissue

Use pseudopodia (like amoebas)

aracheaocytes take up food from water so that cyanocytes will digest it and carry nutrients to other cells 

they make a tough skeletal fibre within the mesohyl

Siliceous (silica)

Calcareous (calcium carbonate)

Spongin (protein)

Sponge Reproduction 

Asexual forms (3)

Fragmentation (one parent breaks up into pieces that become new individuals)

Budding (outgrowths from parents form and pinch off or form extensive colonies)

and gemmules ( internal buds found in sponges, response to a hostile environment)

Sponge Reproduction 

Sexual reproduction

Sponges are hermaphrodites

-gametophytes arise from choanocytes or amoebocytes

-eggs reside in mesohyl, sperm are carried out of the sponge by a water current

-Sperm is drawn in by a neighboring sponge

-Fertilization occurs in the mesohyl 

Animals that are

-Diploblastic (two tissue layers)

-Have a gastrovascular cavity

-Have a single opening (anus and mouth)

Flattened, mouth down, move freely in water

Ex: jelly fish

Animals that are:

-Triploblastic (3 germ layers)

-Acoelomates (no coelom)

-Have a central nervous system

-Have bilateral symmetry

-free-living flatworms

-mostly marine, predators and scavengers

-live as parasites in or an animals

-Triploblastic (3 germ layers)

-Soft bodied animals

-Protected by a hard calcium carbonate shell

Ex: snails, slugs, clams, octopi 

Muscular foot (used for movement)

Visceral mass (contains most of internal organs)

Mantle ( fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass...secretes shell)

3/4 of all molluscs 

Shells --> torsion which means the shell twists and the visceral mass rotates up to 180 degrees 

Shell is divided intro two halves 

Ex: mussel

Have no shell, foot becomes series of tentacles 

Ex: octopus 

Earthworms, leeches, marine worms

-Coelomates

-Segmented 

allows more precise movement or to reorient/twist part of the body

-allows muscle contraction without bulging (can contract one part without affecting another)

Terrestrial

use setae (hairs anchored) in the body wall for locomotion 

All marine

Use parapodia as paddles for locomotion 

Leeches !

some are parasites

reduced segmentation

have sucker discs for attachment

Structure of Annelida

Septum

Hermaphroidites 

They line up and swap sperm, some time after the clitellum creates a mass of mucus and helps push the girdle down to the butt, it picks up all the eggs and sperm on the way down and pops off the end as a cocoon 

Most common animals on earth 

75% of all species are insects

Segmented colemomates

Exoskeleton

Jointed appendages 

-Protection from drying (allows invasion of land)

-Protection from predators 

Doesn't permit growth

Doesn't allow bending (need to insert breaks or joints in it)

Body sections of arthropods

Head

(spiders, mites, ticks and scorpions)

-Chelicerae: feeding appendages

-Head and thorax are fused (cephalothorax)

-Have eight legs

millipedes and centepedes

have several pairs of legs

Insects!

-Have 6 legs

-Distinct head, thorax and abdomen

-Wings (only vertebrates to have mastered flight

-Two kinds of life cycles 

incomplete (hemimetabolous)- with each molt they look more like their parents

complete (holometabolous)- have larva stages specialized for eating and growing. This is more successful because they don't compete with their parents for resources.

Lobsters, crabs, barnacles

1. Cephalothorax --> fused head and thorax

2. 10 primary locomotory apendages

Starfish, urchins, sea cucumbers and sand dollars

-Deuterostomes

-Have a water vascular system (used for locomotion)

-Hardened plates (ossicles and epidermis)

-Pentaradial symmetry (5 planes of symmetry)

-use tube feet and water pressure to crawl along bottom

-Alternately flex and relax the tube feet (hydraulic pressure) 

Flex the ampullar muscle

Relax longitudinal

Flex circular muscles 

Sea cucumbers (bottom feeders, barely have ossicles)

-If pissed off, will puke out their guts and regrow them 

Deuterstomes

Have a dorsal hollow nerve cord

A post-anal tail 

notochord 

Sea squirts that have a very short larvae period 

They attach head first to the bottom and go through metamorphosis where it rotates all of its inners until they face up 

1. A distinct head - craniates 

2. A backbone

3. Jaws 

Lamprey- have a sucker disc on the front of them full of spiney teeth that grab onto side of prey and dig in with teeth. 

tongue is like a file and they lick the prey with it.

Parasites! 

Increased in bony layer around the skull and spinal column

-better spinal column because it bends

-most primitive group of veretebrates

-have jaws, feet, no plates

(sharks, skates and rays)

-have a skeleton made made of cartilage 

Sharks are always shedding their teeth, teeth lay flat start to develop and move vertically, ones at front get ready to fall off

This makes them efficient predators 

First living vertebrates that can support their weight

First vertebrates on land (must return to water to reproduce) 

Salamanders

-Slow and not very efficient

-Male drop a spermatophore, females squat and pick it up with their genitals (damp conditions required)

-Return to water to lay eggs

Frogs and toads

-male on top, females pump out eggs, frogs pump out sperm and reproduce externally, has to be in water

-loss of limbs and girdles

-Females guard eggs 

Reptiles!

-scaly skin to prevent water loss

-Amniote egg that doesn't have to be laid in water

have a shell (carapace) made of fused dermal plates 

Serves as protection for turtle 

they are cone shaped teeth and are different sizes

-mammals are the only group with different size teeth

Lizards and snakes

predatory, herbivores 

Found off the coast of New Zealand

have a lifespan of 100 years

Have hollow bones, wings and feathers

Have small lungs (bunch of air sacs)

When they breathe their air sacs are filled up, when they breathe out they get fresh air again?! what.

1. Montremes - egg laying mammals (platypus)

2. Marsupials - young develop in a pouch outside mom's body (kangaroos)

3. Eutherians (Placentals)- young stay inside mother's body until birth and are nourished via the placenta