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Biology Exam 3 Ch 8
bio
31
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/16/2017

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Term
Metabolism
Definition
sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time

metabolic reactions involve energy changes
Term
Potential energy
Definition
energy stored as chemical bonds, concentration gradient, charge imbalance
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
the energy of movement
Term
anabolic reactions
Definition
complex molecules are made from smple molecules: energy is required
Term
catabolic reactions
Definition
complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones: energy is released
Term
energy is neither created nor destroyed
Definition
1st law of thermodynamics
Term
when energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work
Definition
2nd law of thermodynamics
Term
entropy
Definition
measure of disorder in a system

takes energy to impose order on a system, unless energy is applied to a system it will be randomly arranged or disordered
Term
enthalpy(H)
Definition
total energy
Term
Free energy(G)
Definition
usable energy that can do work
Term
endergonic reactions
Definition
consume free energy
Term
exergonic reactions
Definition
release free energy
Term
is endergonic
Definition
ATP
Term
catalyst
Definition
increases rate of chemical reactions
Term
activation energy
Definition
amount of energy required to start the a reaction
Term
transition state
Definition
activation energy puts the reactants in a reactive mode called
Term
transition state intermediates
Definition
activation energy changes the reactants into unstable forms with higher free energy
Term
induced fit
Definition
enzyme changes shape when it binds the substrate, which alters the shape of the active site
Term
Ribozymes
Definition
Some RNA molecules can act as biological catalysts
Term
systems biology
Definition
complex pathways are modeled using computer algorithms, giving rise to a new field called
Term
enzyme inhibitors
Definition
molecules that bind to the enzyme and slow reaction rates
Term
irreversible inhibition
Definition
inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in the active site and permanently inactivates the enzyme
Term
reversible ihibition
Definition
inhibitor bonds noncovalently to the active site and prevents substrate binding
Term
competitive inhibitors
Definition
Term
uncompetitive inhibitors
Definition
bind to the enzyme substrate complex preventing release of products
Term
noncompetitive inhibitors
Definition
bind to enzyme at a different site
Term
allosteric regulation
Definition
an effector binds enzyme at a site different from the active site which changes itsshape
Term
reversible inhibition
Definition
inhibitor bonds noncovalently to the active site and prevents substrate from binding
Term
competitive inhibitors
Definition
compete with the natural substrate for binding sites.
Term
uncompetitive inhibitor
Definition
binds to the enzyme
Term
allosteric regulation
Definition
an effector binds enzyme at a site different from the active site, which changes its shape
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