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sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time
metabolic reactions involve energy changes |
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| energy stored as chemical bonds, concentration gradient, charge imbalance |
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| complex molecules are made from smple molecules: energy is required |
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| complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones: energy is released |
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| energy is neither created nor destroyed |
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| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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| when energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work |
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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measure of disorder in a system
takes energy to impose order on a system, unless energy is applied to a system it will be randomly arranged or disordered |
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| usable energy that can do work |
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| increases rate of chemical reactions |
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| amount of energy required to start the a reaction |
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| activation energy puts the reactants in a reactive mode called |
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| transition state intermediates |
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| activation energy changes the reactants into unstable forms with higher free energy |
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| enzyme changes shape when it binds the substrate, which alters the shape of the active site |
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| Some RNA molecules can act as biological catalysts |
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| complex pathways are modeled using computer algorithms, giving rise to a new field called |
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| molecules that bind to the enzyme and slow reaction rates |
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| inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in the active site and permanently inactivates the enzyme |
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| inhibitor bonds noncovalently to the active site and prevents substrate binding |
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| bind to the enzyme substrate complex preventing release of products |
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| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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| bind to enzyme at a different site |
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| an effector binds enzyme at a site different from the active site which changes itsshape |
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| inhibitor bonds noncovalently to the active site and prevents substrate from binding |
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| compete with the natural substrate for binding sites. |
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| an effector binds enzyme at a site different from the active site, which changes its shape |
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