Term
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Definition
| the totality of an organism's chemical reactions is called _________. it is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules |
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Definition
| A _________ _______ begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product. Each step fo the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. |
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Definition
| Metabolism as a whole manages the materia land energy resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler. Theses degradative processes are called _________ _______. |
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Definition
| A major pathways of catabolism is _________ ________, in which the sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. (pathways can have more than one starting molecule and/or product) Energy that was stored in the organic molecules becomes available to do the work of the cell. |
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Definition
| Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; they are sometimes called biosynthetic pathways. Example: the synthesis of an amino acid from simpler molecules |
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Definition
| The capacity to cause change. It is the ability to rearrange a collection of matter, it exits in various forms, and the work of life depends on the ability of cells to transform energy from one form to another. |
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Definition
| Energy can be associated with the relative motion of objects; this energy is called _____ ____. Moving objects can perfom work by imparting motions to other matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. |
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Definition
| An object not presently moving may still possess energy. Energy that is not kinetic is called _________ ____; it is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| term referred to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter is called ___________. |
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Term
| The first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
o Energy can neither be created nor destroyed only converted from one form to another
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Term
| The second law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
o When converting energy from one form to another the amount of useful energy decreases
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Definition
| Lack of order or predicatbility; gradual decline into disorder |
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Definition
| Every energy transfer or transformation increases the _____ of the universe |
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Definition
| For a process to occur on its own, without outside help, it must increase the entropy of the universe. A process that can occur without an input of energy is called a ____________ ______. (enthalpy decreases, entropy increases) |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that cannot occur on its own is said to be ______________; it will happen only if energy is added to the system. (Enthalpy increases, entropy decreases) |
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Term
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Definition
NON-LIVING SYSTEMS
____ organized
____ lower
____ slow |
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Term
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Definition
LIVING SYSTEMS
_____ organized
____ energy
____ |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| occur anytime two or more atoms, ions, or molecules collide in such a way that they produce a new substance |
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Term
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Definition
In a spontaneous change:
The free energy of a system _______
The system becomes more _____
The release free energy can be harnessed to do work. |
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Term
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Definition
If entropy increase, free energy _______
If entropy decreases, free energy ______ |
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Term
1)decreases
2)positive or zero
3)spontaneous |
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Definition
| Every spontaneous process _____ the system's free energy, and processes that have a ______ or ____ (G) are never ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Slows down the Reaction (controls speed) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spontaneous Reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy (G is negative for an _________ reaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| The greater the _______ in free energy, the greater the amount of work that can be done |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction that absords free energy from its surroundings (G is positive) Such reactions are non-spontaneous |
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Term
1)equillbrium
2)equillbrium |
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Definition
| Systems at ______ are at a minimum of G(free energy) and can do no work, a cell that has reached metabolic __________ is dead |
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Term
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Definition
TYPE OF WORK A CELL DOES
-the pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously, such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers |
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Term
1)equillbrium
2)equillbrium |
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Definition
| Systems at ______ are at a minimum of G(free energy) and can do no work, a cell that has reached metabolic __________ is dead |
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Term
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Definition
TYPE OF WORK A CELL DOES
-the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement |
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Term
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Definition
TYPE OF WORK A CELL DOES
-the contraction of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction (such as the beating of cilia) |
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Term
1)energy coupling
2)energy coupling |
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Definition
| A key feature in the way cells manage their energy resources to do this work is ______ _______, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. ATP is responsible for mediating most ______ ______ in cells, and in most cases it acts as the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work. |
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Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. In addition to its role in energy coupling, ___ is also one of the nucleoside triphosphates used to make RNA |
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Term
1)Hydrolysis
2)adenosine diphosphate |
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Definition
| The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP can be broken by _______. When the terminal phosphate bond is broken by addition of a water molecule, a molecule of inorganic phosphate leaves the ATP; which becomes _____________ ____________.. |
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Term
1)proteins
2)chemical
2)transport
3)mechanical |
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Definition
| The cell's ______ harness the energy released during ATP hydrolysis in several ways to perform the three different types of cellular work: _______,________,________ |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP ______ leads to the change in a protein's _____ and often its ability to bind to another molecule |
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Term
1)enzyme
2)catalyst
3)enzymes |
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Definition
| An ____ is a macromolecule that acts a _____, a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Without the regulation by _____, chemical traffic through the pathways of metabolism would become terribly congested because many chemical reactions would take such a long time. |
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Term
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Definition
| activation energy is often suppiled in the form of _____ energy (heat) that the reactant molecules absorb from the surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes speed reactions up by reducing the ___________ energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The reactant an enzyme acts on is referred to as the enzyme's _______. Then enzyme binds to its _____ forming an enzyme _____ complex. |
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Definition
| The reaction catalyzed by each enzyme is very ______; an enzyme can recognize its specific _____ even among closely related compounds. |
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Term
1)proteins
2)proteins
3)shape |
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Definition
| What accounts for molecular recognition? Recall that most enzymes are ______, and ______ are macromolecules with unique three-dimensional configurations. The specificity of an enzyme results from its _____, which is a consequence of its amino acid sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Only a restricted region of the enzyme molecule actually binds to the substrate. This region is called the ____ ___, is typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where catalysis occurs. |
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Term
1)active site
2)substrate |
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Definition
| The specificity of an enzyme is attributed to a compatible fit between the shape of the _____ ____ and the shape of the _______ |
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