Term
|
Definition
| A hierarchy is an arrangement in which groups are categorized based on their authority |
|
|
Term
| What are the major taxonomic categories into which all organisms are divided? |
|
Definition
| The major taxonomic categories are Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
|
|
Term
| Which categories are capitalized? Which categories are underlined? What categories comprise an organism’s scientific name and how is it written? |
|
Definition
| Genus and species comprise the organisms scientific name, species is capitalized and underlined. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three domains? To what domain do all organisms studied in this course belong? |
|
Definition
| The three domains are Eukarya, Eubacteria and Archea |
|
|
Term
| Make sure that you can pluralize and singularize words that end in the four Latin endings discussed in class. Remember that genus is weird because the plural form is genera. |
|
Definition
| -a goes to –ae, -us goes to –i, -um goes to –a, -is goes to -es |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of organisms called plants? In what kingdoms (note kingdoms is plural) do plants occur? |
|
Definition
| Plants are autotrophic, they have a cell wall, and they produce chlorophyll. They are plants, protists and bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of algae? In what kingdom are they placed? |
|
Definition
| They are unicellular prokaryotes, they are aquatic, they have no true tissues. Placed in kingdom protists, bacteria and plants |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of rhodophyta? |
|
Definition
•Rhodophyta = red algae
oAccessory pigment reflects red light
oMostly marine
oProduces agar (bacteria smears) and carrageenan (thickening agent)
oStores starch
oCorraline algae (part of coral reefs) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of phaeophtya |
|
Definition
•Phaeophyta = brown algae
oAll marine
oNo starch
oCell wall made of cellulose and alginic acid
oComposes kelp forests
oUses floats and holdfasts |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of chlorophyta? |
|
Definition
•Chlorophyta
oFreshwater, marine and terrestrial,
oStores starch
oCell wall made of cellulose |
|
|
Term
| Which algal division (note on the word division here and not group) is most closely related to higher plants? What is the name of the group, under this division, that is most closely related to higher plants? |
|
Definition
| Chlorophyta is most similar to land plants, it has a cell wall made of cellulose, it stores starch and they have similar chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the kingdom Plantae? |
|
Definition
•Multicellular
•Store starch
•True tissues
•Most are terrestrial |
|
|
Term
| To what division do mosses belong? Why must they live in moist, terrestrial environments? What characteristics do they lack? What is a cuticle? |
|
Definition
•Phylum Bryophyta
•They are nonvascular
•No true roots stems or leaves
•Lack a cuticle (waxy outercoat on leaves) |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by vascular plants? What is xylem? Phloem? Lignin? |
|
Definition
•Vascular plants have a means of transporting nutrients through the plant
•Xylem transports water
•Phloem transports food
•Lignin is a carbohydrate that composes the walls of vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| What division contained seedless vascular plants? What plants are in this division? Why are they found mostly in moist, terrestrial habitats? |
|
Definition
•Pteorophyta
•Horsetails and ferns
•They don't have a seed, only flagellated sperm which need moist environments to swim, in order to reproduce |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a seed? |
|
Definition
| seed coat, embryo, endosperm |
|
|
Term
| Why are seeds advantageous for plants? |
|
Definition
| protection, food storage etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male reproductive structure in vascular plants |
|
|
Term
| Why is it an evolutionary advancement over sperm |
|
Definition
| sperm dont have to swim to meet up with eggs |
|
|
Term
| What vectors carry pollen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 16. Know the divisions of seed-bearing vascular plants. Be able to recognize members of the divisions and know the characteristics of each division. |
|
Definition
gymnosperm-"naked seed", dry cold climate, ex pines and bald cypress
coniferophyta- cone bearers, male and female cones on same plant, male cones are tiny, woody plants w/ needles ex- evergreen trees
ginkophyta- fan shaped leaves, female produces seed with thick juicy coat, believed to improve memory (not true), ex gingko
Anthrophyta- flowering plants, "covered seeds", fruit or flower, animal pollinated, vascular, double fertilization |
|
|
Term
| What is double fertilization? |
|
Definition
| plant fertilizes twice to ensure success |
|
|
Term
| In which division does double fertilization occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two classes of flowering plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia? |
|
Definition
Eukarya
Multicellular
diploid
heterotrophic
sexual reproduction (mostly) |
|
|
Term
| Be sure to know where the four evolutionary points occur on the animal phylogeny. |
|
Definition
presence of true tissues
body symmetry
coelom
development of coelem |
|
|
Term
| What phylum are sponges in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are sponges not considered closely related to other phyla? |
|
Definition
| lack true tissues, not body symmetry, no coelom |
|
|
Term
| Where does the sponge expel water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized cells for feeding and reproduction called? |
|
Definition
| choanocytes and amoebocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria? |
|
Definition
| mostly marine, radial symmetry, 2 tissue layers (endo/ecto), cnidoblasts (stinging cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by diploblastic construction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by bilateral symmetry? |
|
Definition
| symmetrical when split down the middle lengthwise |
|
|
Term
| What are the anatomical directions associated with bilateral symmetry |
|
Definition
| anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral |
|
|
Term
| What phyla are bilaterally symmetrical? |
|
Definition
| all from platyhelmenthis up |
|
|
Term
| What is triploblastic construction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phylum is an acoelomate bilateral phylum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by acoelomate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phyla are pseudocoelomate bilateral phyla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coelem that lacks second layer of mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| What phyla are eucoelomate bilateral phyla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coelom completely lined with mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| Why are a coelom and the mesoderm surrounding it advantageous to animals possessing them? |
|
Definition
| contract, move, and break down food better |
|
|
Term
| What is a protostome and a deuterostome? |
|
Definition
protostome = develops mouth first
deuterostome = develops anus first |
|
|
Term
| Which phylum contains the most number of species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phylum contains the second largest number of species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four subphyla of arthropods and what animals are in each? |
|
Definition
cheliceriformes = pinchers/ fangs, ex. spiders, ticks, mites
crustacea = 2 pairs of antennae, cephalothorax, abdomen ex.lobsters, crab, crawfish
hexapoda: 6 legs, 75% of arthropods, 3 body parts, 1 pair of antennae ex. ladybug, beetle = most common
myrapodia = "many legs" ex- millipede, centipede |
|
|
Term
| What type of symmetry do echinoderms have? |
|
Definition
| pentamorous radial symmetry |
|
|
Term
| Why is the phylum Echinodermata considered a bilateral phylum? |
|
Definition
| not all have pent. radial symmetry but all are bilateral |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics do we find in Echinodermata? |
|
Definition
| spiny w/ tube feet, endoskeleton, water vascular system, pentamorous radial symmetry |
|
|
Term
| What are the three subphyla of Phylum Chordata? |
|
Definition
| vertebrata, urochordata, cephachordata |
|
|
Term
| 4 characteristics of chordata? |
|
Definition
| dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post anal tail, notochord |
|
|
Term
| To what subphylum do most animals in the phylum Chordata belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of agnatha/ |
|
Definition
jawless,
hagfish = scavenger
lamprey = freshwater/ marine ecto parasite |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of chondrichthyes? |
|
Definition
-cartilage skeleton
-lateral line system
-sharks, skates, rays
-round=skate, kite=ray, barb=ray |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of osteichthyes? |
|
Definition
-boney fish
-eel, seahorse
-lobe finned gave rise to amphibians
-coelocanth= thought to be extinct but found in madgasscar.
-largest vertebrate class "junk drawer" |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of amphibia? |
|
Definition
-wet skin
-water- protects eggs
-water helps sperm meet egg
-semi terrestrial |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of reptillia? |
|
Definition
-return to water to mate/eat
-keratin skin
-shlled egg for protection of embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-feathers
-hollow bones
-scales on their feet
-feathers have complex vain shaft |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about mammals? |
|
Definition
-hair, fat and mammary glands
1)marsupials pouched animals
2) monotremes lay eggs
3) eutherians placental birth |
|
|
Term
| Know the definition of endotherm and ectotherm. |
|
Definition
-ectotherm = internal temperature is the same as the environment
-endotherm = animals can control their own, constant internal temperature |
|
|
Term
| What classes are endothermic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nonmineral macronutrients do plants need? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Through what structures do plants obtain nutrients? |
|
Definition
leaves- CO2 via photosynthesis
Roots- CO2 and H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stuff you need for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrient needed in large amounts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an essential nutrient? |
|
Definition
| nutrients the body doesnt make, so they have to be obtained from other places |
|
|
Term
| What is an organic nutrient? |
|
Definition
| a vitamin, carbon based nutrient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do plants have no vitamins? |
|
Definition
| they generate their own glucose |
|
|
Term
| What are the major mineral macronutrients for plants? |
|
Definition
| Nitrogen, potassium, phosphates |
|
|
Term
| For what is each mineral used in a plant’s body? |
|
Definition
N- Amino acids, protein synthesis, DNA
P-ATP, DNA
K - osmotic balance |
|
|
Term
| Why do plantmacronutrients not remain in the soil, especially in agricultural areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be done to prevent their removal from the soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For what are mineral micronutrients used in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of roots? |
|
Definition
taproot- ex: carrot, dicot, root system deep down
fibrous root: monocot, rainforest, better anchoring |
|
|
Term
| What are root hairs? What is their function? |
|
Definition
-tiny extensions of root epidermis
-increase SA of the root
-collect water and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What is a Casparian strip? |
|
Definition
| waxy band around every endodermis cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the casparian strip? |
|
Definition
| forces water and nutrients into the endoderm to filter and transport |
|
|
Term
| Of what wax is the casparian strip composed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ? How do you know that endodermal cells contain this wax when you look at a root cross section (cs) under a microscope? |
|
Definition
| the wax appears stained when looking at it under the microscope |
|
|
Term
| How and why does water move through the cells of a root? |
|
Definition
| Roots are hypertonic to soil water, so nutrients move through endoderm to xylem |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by cation exchange? |
|
Definition
| The plant exchanges H+ ions for cations K, Ca, Mg and Cu |
|
|
Term
| Why are nitrogen and phosphates not held in the soil very well? |
|
Definition
| They wash away in the rain |
|
|
Term
| What cellular transport process takes up mineral nutrients by roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hyphae of fungi associated with plant root
-plant feeds mycorrhizae
-mycorrhizae helps plant obtain phosphate |
|
|
Term
| How do the fungus and plant that contribute to the mycorrhizae each benefit from the relationship (Remember this a mutualistic/symbiotic relationship)? |
|
Definition
-plant feeds mycorrhizae
-mycorrhizae helps plant obtain phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Which mineral is taken up particularly efficiently from the soil by mycorrhizae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are nitrogen fixers? |
|
Definition
| bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form a plant can use |
|
|
Term
| Where do nitrogen fixing bacteria live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Into what form of nitrogen do they fix atmospheric nitrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which genus is the most common nitrogen fixer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plants form root nodules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the relationship between the plant and its nodule-dwellers a mutualisitc/symbiotic one? |
|
Definition
plant gets nitrogen in usable form
nitrogen fixer gets starch (food) |
|
|
Term
| Why are nitrogen fixers beneficial for the soil in which they are found? |
|
Definition
| enhances soil for the next crops (nitrogen) |
|
|
Term
| In what type of habitat are carnivorous plants found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of carnivorous plants? |
|
Definition
| venus fly trap, pitcher plant, sundew |
|
|
Term
| Why are they some plants carnivorous? |
|
Definition
| Need nitrogen and soil is not conducive for nitrogen fixing bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What do carnivorous plants digest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Venus flytraps found and why are they an endangered species? |
|
Definition
-the carolinas
-people sell them for profit |
|
|
Term
| What macronutrients do animals need (i.e. what are the three major food groups)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chains of monomers that form proteins, lipids and carbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single amino acid, monnoscharide, fatty acid or glycerol |
|
|
Term
| What happens in hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
| Water is added to a polymer to break off a monomer |
|
|
Term
| Why is hydrolysis important in animal nutrition? |
|
Definition
| break down of polymers into their simplist form |
|
|
Term
| What are the two categories of animal micronutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids can the body synthesize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the big 7 minerals? |
|
Definition
| Calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, potessium, sulfer |
|
|
Term
| What is an incomplete digestive system? |
|
Definition
| mouth and anus are same hole |
|
|
Term
| What is the space called in which digestion occurs in an incomplete digestive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phyla have incomplete digestive systems? |
|
Definition
| cnidarians, platyhelmenthis |
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of an incomplete digestive system? |
|
Definition
no orderly flow of nutrients
you lose some of what you take in
takes longer
mix waste and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What is a complete digestive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is it an evolutionary advancement over an incomplete digestive system? |
|
Definition
orderly flow of nutrients
faster
keep everything you take in
waste and nutrients stay separate |
|
|
Term
| What are the four processes (and any subprocesses) that occur in any digestive system? |
|
Definition
1. ingestion
2. digestion
mechanical digestion = chewing
chemical digestion = enzymes and hydrolysis
3. absorption
4. Elimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fancy name for a hole in the earthworm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| storage of nutrients (squishy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "teeth", mechanical digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sight of chemical digestion/ absorption in the earthworm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps with movement of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides more surface area for greater absorption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What do grasshoppers eat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do grasshopers mechanically digest their food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the grasshopper foregut? |
|
Definition
| food storage (soft and balloon like) |
|
|
Term
| whats the function of the midgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whats the function of the gastric ceca |
|
Definition
| absorption of nutrients (finger like projections) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biting teeth
-small in carnivores
-large/ ever growing in rodents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dominant teeth in carnivores
holding prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sharp teeth in carnivores
chewing teeth in herbivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the stomach in the rat? |
|
Definition
-food stoarage
-part of chemical digestion
-very acidic pH
-breaks down things with pepsin |
|
|
Term
| What does the stomach absorb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major site of chemical digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
secretes enzymes for breakdown of polyners
-amylase= carbs
-lipase = lipids
-protease = proteins |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pancreas dump enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the contraction of digestive muscles that allows for the movement of food |
|
|
Term
| Why are eucoelomates capable of performing peristalsis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adaptations do the jejunum and ileum have to increase surface area? |
|
Definition
Fingerlike projections that stick out of fools into lumen (villi)
microvilli are cilia on the cells of villi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specific tissue type comprises the lining of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Be able to explain the fate of monosaccharides By what circulatory pathway do monomers travel to body cells? |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides -> ileum and Jejunum -> glucose -> circ system -> liver -> stored as glycogen (released to Circ system when body needs glucose) |
|
|
Term
| Be able to explain the fate of fatty acids after absorption across the gut epithelium. By what circulatory pathway do monomers travel to body cells? |
|
Definition
ileum and jejunum -> circ system -> liver -> CR or adipose tissue
OR
Ileum and jejunum -> lymphatic system -> cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| Be able to explain the fate of amino acids after absorption across the gut epithelium. By what circulatory pathway do monomers travel to body cells? |
|
Definition
| Ileum and jejunum -> circ system -> liver (not stored) -> distributes to rest of body to assemble species specific proteins |
|
|
Term
| What type of mammal has a cecum? |
|
Definition
| Any animal that digests plants (humans have appendix) |
|
|
Term
| Of what are feces composed? |
|
Definition
| undigested food, a little water, bacteria, mucus |
|
|
