Term
| What does "prokaryote" refer to? How is the DNA in bacteria packaged? |
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Definition
| Before the nucleus, double stranded DNA is folded back on itself |
|
|
Term
| What are plasmids? Are they just junk or do they code for important things for bacteria? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Extra pieces of DNA Satellite like circles, they are not junk they code for toxins like anthrax. |
|
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Term
| What is the wall of Eubacteria composed of? |
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Definition
| It is composed of peptidoglycan found in bacteria not in archaea |
|
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Term
| What is the difference between a gram negative and gram positive Eubacterium in terms of wall thickness, presence of a secondary membrane on the outside of the wall, color they are stained, and susceptibility to antibiotics, like penicillin, that act on wall synthesis? |
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Definition
| The difference is gram positive stains purple by the dye, gram positive have a really thick cell wall. Penicillin can affect the gram positive. Gram negative doesn’t pick up the purple dye. Really thin cell wall. Gram negative have a second membrane. Second membrane prevents penicillin from attacking the gram negative. |
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Term
| Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do prokaryotes divide by mitosis? |
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Definition
| No they do not. They divide by simple fission. |
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Term
| Do prokaryotes produce sexual structures (gametes, spores) by meiosis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do these terms mean in terms of bacterial shape and arrangement: cocci/coccus, bacilli/bacillus, spirilla/spirillum. vibrio(s), strep-, staph-, ? |
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Definition
| Spherical, rod-shaped, spiral or screw shaped, shaped like a boomerang, a long chain(s), clusters. |
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Term
| Bacteria/Archaea lack gametes but new genetic variation can still arise--list 4 ways. |
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Definition
1. Simple mutation
2. Conjugation- donor and recipient
3. Transduction- Accidental viral transfer
4. Transformation- some bacteria, absorb DNA from surroundings |
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Term
| Why are endospores important in home canning? Give an example of a bacterium that forms endospores? |
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Definition
| Endospores are extremely resistant to hot temperatures, clostridia do it botulism, anthrax. |
|
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Term
| How long can endospores last and still remain viable? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the first prokaryotic lifeforms appear on Earth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Archaea differ from Bacteria? |
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Definition
| Archaea rRNA differs, bacteria have peptidoglycan archaea have other walls, archaea have mRNA that is similar to humans, Archaea can survive in more extreme environments. |
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Term
| Currently it is acceptable just to refer to Eubacteria as ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between the evolution of Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria? hint: think endosymbiosis |
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Definition
| Archaea engulfed a new bacteria, that cell became the eukaryotic cell. |
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Term
| Which molecular procedure has revolutionized the classification of prokaryotes? Hint: a specific kind of nucleic acid that acts like a “bar code” for identifying different taxa. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most abundant organism on Earth? When was it discovered? first seen? |
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Definition
| SAR 11, first seen in seawater, in 1990s, first seen 2005. |
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Term
| The Crenarchaeotes are commonly found in which habitats? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can Crenarchaeotes survive temperatures above the boiling point? In solutions so acidic that they dissolve metal? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a chemoautotroph? |
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Definition
| They get all there energy needs from carrying out oxidation reactions. |
|
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Term
| Why do many Archaea oxidize sulphur? i.e. what good do they receive from this reaction? What byproduct of this reaction dramatically alters their environment? |
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Definition
| They get H2SO4, they get energy |
|
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Term
| Why are biotech firms interested in Archaea from Yellowstone? hint: think of CSI TV shows |
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Definition
| Enzymes that work at high temps, polymerase chain reaction which amplifies DNA. |
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Term
| Where are methanogens commonly found? What happens to them in oxygen? |
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Definition
| Die in the presence of oxygen. |
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|
Term
| Where are methanogens found in cattle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to methane liberated in ocean sediments of deep water (cold and high pressure)? |
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Definition
| It freezes and forms ice. |
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Term
| Why are scientists concerned about melting of permafrost? |
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Definition
| Because methanogens are underneath it that are still decomposing and the permafrost traps it. It would be a huge influx of methane, methane is 20 times more potent than a green house gas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Archaea bacteria that love salt |
|
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Term
| What major osmotic challenge do halophiles have to confront in their preferred habitat? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What solute do halophiles load up on to avoid water loss? |
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Definition
| Impermeable membranes, and try to balance internal solute concentration with potassium. |
|
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Term
| Why are many halophiles pink? |
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Definition
| They have a pigment called rhodopsin. |
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Term
| Which Eubacteria was responsible for raising the level of oxygen on this planet to levels that supported aerobic lifeforms? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Oxygen is often described as a “waste product” in photosynthesis—why? |
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Definition
| Light hits chlorophyll and then electron is ejected which leaves a hole, uses electrons in hydrogen from water to fill the hole and the oxygen is a waste product. |
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|
Term
| Does photosynthesis always result in oxygen production? What is another option? |
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Definition
| No, Sulfide is another and so is Hydrogen gas. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| Is a stony limy material left behind by certain species of cyanobacteria. |
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Term
| Besides producing oxygen, what other key process do some cyanobacteria carry out that is important in nutrient cycling on Earth? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen fixation. Takes nitrogen gas and converts it to ammonia. |
|
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Term
| Why are blooms of cyanobacteria in lakes and wetlands a health threat for wildlife and humans? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is nitrogen fixation? Which organisms do it? Why are bacteria in nodule-forming plants particularly good at it? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia, cyanobacteria, and proteobacteria. They get help with nitrogen fixation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the blackish crust in desert soils composed of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How do bacteria usually causes disease? Are Archaea responsible for disease? |
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Definition
| They release toxins, no none archaea bacteria responsible for disease. |
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Term
| Chlamydia is an unusual bacterium in terms of its size and pathogenicity—explain—how is it different than almost all other disease causing bacteria? |
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Definition
| Acts like a virus and is extremely tiny |
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Term
| How do Clostridium spp. cause highly fatal diseases? Be specific (tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism) |
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Definition
| All release exotoxins, exotoxin is released by live bacteria in small amounts, have very specific victims. |
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Term
| In contrast to Q. 23, how do Salmonella and E. coli cause disease? What specific substance found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is responsible for the toxic effects of these bacteria |
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharides are released when they die and they are endotoxins. We are highly allergic to Lipopolysaccharides. |
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Term
| Where does Staph aureus normally reside? is it normally harmful? |
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Definition
| Mostly in your nose and on skin, not normally harmful. It is very opportunistic. Can cause infections. |
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Term
| Where does E. coli normally reside? is it normally harmful? |
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Definition
| In the gut of all warm-blooded animals. It is a good bacteria, not normally harmful. If it gets out of the gut it can lead to urinary tract infections, one strain of E. coli is a hybrid between shagella and E. coli and is harmful to your kidneys. |
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Term
| Where do Clostridium spp. normally reside? Are they normally harmful? Which diseases are they responsible for? |
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Definition
| In the soil, not normally harmful. Can cause botulism poisoning, tetanus and gangrene. |
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Term
| Where do Cholera bacteria normally reside? Are they normally harmful? Where does the cholera toxin originate? |
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Definition
| Lakes and streams, a good bacteria, can be infected by a virus and causes cholera toxin. |
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Term
| How common is Streptococcus pyogenes? Where do they reside? |
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Definition
| It is really common, resides in the throat or gut. |
|
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Term
| Scarlet and Rheumatic Fever, as well as necrotizing fasciitis, are often described as autoimmune disorders of Strep. Explain? |
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Definition
| Rash, strep gets into deep tissue/organs, necro- is the flesh eaters, mistaken identity on a massive scale, massive immune response to infection, all t-cells are triggered and converge in the same area and attack the whole area of where the infection is. |
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Term
| What is a “super antigen” effect? |
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Definition
| all t-cells are triggered and converge in the same area and attack the whole area of where the infection is. |
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Term
| Describe the lifecycle of Bacillus anthraxis |
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Definition
| Grazing animals in a drought get really close to the ground and cows inhale the anthrax. Bacteria multiples for a few days then goes back into spores. |
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Term
| 51. What does anthraxis refer to?, woolsorter’s disease? |
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Definition
| Refers to lesions, woolsorter’s disease is due to inhalation anthrax |
|
|
Term
| What is inhalation anthrax? What is inhaled? Is it dangerous? |
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Definition
| Spores are inhaled and it is the most dangerous anthrax. Sheep and goats get it. |
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Term
| As it was originally conceived, what kinds of organisms occurred in Kingdom Protista? |
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Definition
| Single-celled w/nucleus and organelles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the fundamental difference between Protista vs Eubacteria/Archaebacteria? |
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Definition
| Presence of membrane bound organelles and nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| When did the first eukaryotic organisms appear on Earth |
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Definition
| 1.5 to 2 billion years ago. |
|
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Term
| Why did Kingdom Protista become known as a taxonomic junkpile? |
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Definition
| Many different organisms are lumped together. Very small. |
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Term
| What does the word “algae” refer to? |
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Definition
| Describes single celled photosynthetic organisms. |
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|
Term
| What does the word “protozoan” refer to? |
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Definition
| Single celled eukaryotic organisms that are animal like. |
|
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Term
| What is “endosymbiosis”? What evidence is there that mitochrondria were once eubacteria? Give an example of a “protist” that displays endosymbiosis. |
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Definition
| Keeping something alive for your own purpose. Have there own singular DNA, paramecium. |
|
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Term
| Why have water molds, potato blight, kelp, and diatoms been reclassified as a new clade [kingdom?] Stramenopila? What was the primary genetic evidence used to reclassify these superficially, very different groups? In retrospect, what other characteristics do all or some of the members share in common? |
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Definition
| There bar code (rRNA) read the same. Spore looks like straw hair. |
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Term
| Which three groups of former protists now belong to the clade Alveolata |
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Definition
| Dinoflagellates, ciliates, and malaria. |
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Term
| What is a diatom's shell composed of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Roughly what % of the global productivity (C fixed, oxygen produced) is attributed to diatoms? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What peculiar thing happens to diatoms when they reproduce mitotically? |
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Definition
| They shrink and get smaller and smaller. |
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Term
| What is diatomaceous earth and give an example of a human use? |
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Definition
| Fossil remains of diatoms, used for pool filters, reflective paint, toothpaste abrasive, organic pesticide. |
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Term
| What are zooxanthellae and why are they important? |
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Definition
| Special group of dinoflagellates is a mutualist in coral. Gives them sugar and oxygen. |
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Term
| How do dinoflagellates get their name? |
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Definition
| Dino means spinning around, and have two flagellum |
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Term
| What is the "red tide?" Are they necessarily toxic? |
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Definition
| Bloom of dinoflagellates and stains things red, are not toxic. Cause paralytic shellfish poisoning. |
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Term
| Why do the chloroplasts of dinos have 4 surrounding membranes? |
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Definition
| They are the product of several endosymbiotic events. One organism come and eats it and this continues happening. |
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Term
| Which protozoan possesses macro and micro nuclei and has more complexity within its single cell than is found in some multicellular animals? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does malaria have chloroplasts? |
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Definition
| Yes they do have chloroplasts that have four membranes around them. |
|
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Term
| What protozoan group causes malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidium water poisoning, and pneumonia by Pneumocystis carinii? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the apical complex in malaria refer to? |
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Definition
| Refers to the snaps that enter. |
|
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Term
| Why should pregnant women avoid cat litter, sandboxes during their first trimester. |
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Definition
| Toxoplasm (relative of malaria) resides in cat’s gut can attack the fetus. |
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Term
| What molecular evidence was used to group dinoflagellates, ciliates, and apicomplex into the same kingdom Alveolata? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the “alveoli” in this Clade? Where do you find alveoli in your body? |
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Definition
| Little round sacs beneath the membrane. Terminal air sacs in your lungs. |
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Term
| Most of the former protozoan flagellates have now been regrouped into Kingdom__________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How do the flagella of this clade differ from all other flagellates (many of which are now in Animalia or other clades)? |
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Definition
| Have a crystalline rod that runs along the axis of the flagella. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| Group of flagellates, have one huge mitochondria, has a gigantic piece of DNA almost as big as the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Which organism causes African Sleeping Sickness? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do Giardia and Trichomonads have in common? How have these flagellates been reclassified? Briefly describe the maladies caused by these unusual organisms. |
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Definition
| Don’t have any functional mitochondria. Giardia is hikers’ diarrhea. Trichomonads- STD in the cervix. |
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Term
| What unique structure in giardia is used to attach itself to the intestinal lining? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Giardia is single celled and thus can’t have muscles, yet they are capable of muscle-like movements. Explain. |
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Definition
| It has the same proteins in muscles to cause contractions. Actin and myosin. Fueled by ATP. |
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|
Term
| Are all amoebas considered to be monophyletic (i.e. originating from one ancestor)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 86. Why are slime molds no longer considered fungi? What common protozoans are they closely related to? |
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Definition
| Never really were fungi. Nothing in common with fungi. Everything to do with amoebas. |
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Term
| Where are actin and myosin found in the biological world? What is their function in amoebas and slime molds? |
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Definition
| In the sucker pads in Giardia. Pseudopodia and becomes a muscle in the amoeba. Can be used to grab food. |
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|
Term
| What is the slug or slime of cellular slime mold consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the huge slime of a plasmodial slime mold equivalent to? |
|
Definition
| Equivalent to single amoebas. |
|
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Term
| Taxonomically speaking, do the thread-lobed amoebas (Rhizarians) have much in common with Amoebozoans (broad-lobed amoebas and slime molds)? |
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Definition
| They are extremely different. |
|
|
Term
| Chalk deposits are often composed of the shells of these Rhizarians:____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are fungi more closely related to plants or animals? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fungus group gives us a clue of how fungi may have originated from the group in the previous Q.? |
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Definition
| Fungi came from animals, chytrids. |
|
|
Term
| are the filaments that make up all fungi. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The walls of these filaments are made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most fungi are __________ , i.e. they live off of dead organic matter |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest organism on earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is mitosis in fungi different from all other eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| It takes place within the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| What is a basidium? How many spores does it have? |
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Definition
| A basidium are most things that look like a mushroom. Has four spores. |
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Term
| A fungus that is cup-like most likely belongs to the phylum |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an ascus? How many spores does it usually have? |
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Definition
| An ascus is a sack that holds 8 spores. |
|
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Term
| Vegetative (non repro.) hyphae in the soil are typically (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic) choose one |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a yeast? Are brewer's/baker's yeasts related to those that cause yeast infections/thrush? |
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Definition
| Are any unicellular fungi. |
|
|
Term
| What is the historical importance of ergot? |
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Definition
| Was called “Saint Anthony’s Fire” “Salem Witches” |
|
|
Term
| What very common local mushroom is the most dangerous on earth? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The phrase “going beserk” is related to which local mushroom? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the partners involved in a lichen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the photosynthetic partners (photobionts) located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the fungus obligate in this symbiosis? the photobiont (alga)? |
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Definition
| Yes the fungus is the obligate in this symbiosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nature of the symbiosis b/t partners? is it a mutualism? |
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Definition
| Fungus eats the alga. No it is not mutualism it is parasitism |
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|
Term
| Why are lichens important in some ecosystems? (e.g. rock outcrops, polar/alpine) |
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Definition
| They are colonizers of rock, eat acids. |
|
|
Term
| How do lichens survive on dry substrates? water storage? |
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Definition
| They use rainwater for their mineral nutrition. |
|
|
Term
| Where/how do lichens get water and nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast do lichens grow (relatively speaking), and how long do they live. |
|
Definition
| Grow slowly and can live for decades or hundreds of years. |
|
|
Term
| What does mycorrhizae mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the contact area/interface b/t fungus and plant roots in ecto- and endomycorrhizae. |
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Definition
| In ecto the contact area is partly within the cells, and with endo it is between the cells of the root. |
|
|
Term
| What % of plants are mycorrhizal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nature of the mutualism? |
|
Definition
| Fungi increases the surface area of absorption and the plant supplies the fungi with sugars. |
|
|
Term
| What Kingdom have the collar flagellates been reclassify? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How big (relatively speaking) were some fungi c. 400 million years ago, based on recent fossil discoveries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungi digest organic matter “extracellularly” -- what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| Located or occurring outside a cell or cells |
|
|
Term
| What is a brown rot? white rot? |
|
Definition
Brown Rot- eats white cellulose, leaves brown lignin behind
White Rot- eats lignin in cell walls of plants,
(lignin tough bonding material) |
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|
Term
| Predaceous fungi are usually hunting ____________in the soil. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does dikaryotic mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A typical mushroom (cap,gills,stalk) most likely belongs to the phylum________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are “mycorrhizae” and the “internet” similar in terms of connections? |
|
Definition
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