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Definition
| where most chloroplasts are located, in the tissue of the leaf |
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| pores on leaves that let in CO2 and let O2 out. water comes in via the roots |
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| small dislike sacs in chloroplasts that are hollow on the inside and contain chlorophyll |
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| plants that use Rubisco, in ordinary conditions everything works normally but in arid conditions O2 is used in the place of CO2 and Photorespiration occurs, a wasteful process. |
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| found in arid conditions. Carbon fixation happens in Mesophyll cells (PEP CARBOXYLASE) and then Calvin cycle occurs in Bundle-Sheath cells |
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| Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. here, the carbon is fixated to an acid and stored in a vacuole. then the Calvin cycle occurs in the mesophyll, but at a different time of day. There is no Photorespiration here |
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| Transfers phosphate groups from ATP and to Proteins |
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| Removes a phosphate from proteins (can also be responsible for turning off a cell signal) |
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| converts cAMP to AMP, Stopping the cell response in the cAMP mechanism |
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| 1)Ligand binds to receptor in membrane 2) G protein activated. 3) Phospholipase C activated. 4) IP3 and DAG are produced. 5)Ca+ is released from the smooth ER into Cytoplasm 6) Protein Kinase C phosphorylates enzymes to create the response |
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| Cyclic AMP Transduction Pathway |
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Definition
| 1) ligand binds to receptor on membrane. 2) G protein activated. 3) Adenylyl Cyclase is activated, converts ATP to Cyclic AMP 4) cAMP activates protein kinase A. 5) Kinase A phosphorylates Enzymes |
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| Light Independent Reactions |
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Definition
| NADP+ is reduced to NADPH, ADP is phosphorylated to ATP, and the the NADPH and ATP are used to fuel the calvin cycle |
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Definition
| uses 9 ATP, 3 CO2, and 6 NADPH to produce one Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. (2 G3P's = 1 glucose) NADP+ and ADP are returned to the Light dependent reaction center |
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| the sugar created in the Calvin Cycle. 6 molecules are made for every 3 CO2, but 5 of them remain in the cycle to regenerate RuBP, which is essential for Carbon Fixation |
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Definition
| Bacteria reproduce asexually |
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| a package of DNA that contains Genes |
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| once chromosomes have been replicated, they attach to each other at a centromere. |
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| 46 in humans (23 pairs) so 23 from mom and 23 from dad. in Gametes, there are only 23 chromosomes |
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| The phase where cells copy chromosomes in preparation for Mitosis or Meiosis |
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| Mitoses occurs and then cytokinesis |
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| the organizing center for microtubules. in dividing cells there will be 2 of these moving towards the opposite sides of the cell |
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| Chromatin is still all wound up and only Centrosomes have formed, there are 2 |
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| The chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the chromosome number is doubled (so a cell starting with 46 chromosomes would now have 92) the mitotic spindle forms and the nucleoli disappear |
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| Nucleus and nuclear envelope disappear, Spindles take over where the nucleus was. Kinotochores on chromatids attach to the spindle (AKA Microtubules!) |
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| Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate |
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| Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles |
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| Daughter nuclei form (2), the cell starts to cleave into 2 |
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Definition
| the cytoplasm divides, leaving 2 complete daughter cells that are identical to the first |
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| At the G1 checkpoint, a cell either continues on to Synthesis or Moves into a non-dividing life called G0 |
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| a protein whose concentration increases in the cell cycle til the M phase when it divides |
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Definition
| in the cell cycle, these are kinases that rely on the fluctuation of Cyclin. MPF is the major one, contributing to the breaking of the nucleus, the assembly of the mitotic spindle, and the attachment of duplicated chromosomes to the mitotic spindle. |
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| PDGF (Platelet derived growth factor) |
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Definition
| released when an animal receives an injury. this stimulates the cells to start dividing to heal the wound. |
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Term
| density dependent inhibition |
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Definition
| when there is no more room, cells stop dividing (except cancer!) |
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Term
| Homologous chromosomes (meiosis only) |
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Definition
| un-identical chromosomes of the same length/shape (there should be 2 one from mom one from dad) |
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| seperates homologous chromosomes |
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| separates sister chromatids |
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| crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids, pairing of homologous chromosomes produces tetrads, takes 90% of meiosis |
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| pairing of homologous chromosomes (and their sisters) into tetrads THIS ONLY HAPPENS IN MEIOSIS |
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Definition
| tetrads line up on metaphase plate, spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores |
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Definition
| separation of Homologous pairs |
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Term
| Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Definition
| 2 duplicated haploid cells are formed |
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Definition
| Inheritable feature (such as hair color) |
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| Actual inherited variation (i.e. Brown hair) |
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P generation: True breeding purples x true breeding whites
F1 result: all purple flowers
F2 result: 3:1 purple:white
this happened because the Purple gene is dominant and the recessive white didn't show up until the next generation |
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