Term
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Definition
| Includes the rough & smooth ER, Vesicles, Golgi complex, Plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| has a cis and a trans face, cis meaning where it receives vesicles and trans where it sends them elsewhere (either to the plasma membrane or to be released by the cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers of Tubulin that help keep a cell's shape as well as provide motility within the cell. 25 nm diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 strands of Actin intertwined. helps maintain cell structure and provides muscle contraction. about 7 nm diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers constructed of Keratin subunits that help in anchorage of cell structures. 8-12 nm wide |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesizes subunits of ribosomes |
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Term
| Smooth Endosplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| No ribosomes. Synthesis of lipids, detox of drugs, contains calcium |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Ribosomes Attached. Proteins are synthesized to either be secreted by the cell or incorporated into the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rough ER-->'cis' golgi apparatus-->'trans' golgi apparatus-->Plasma membrane OR Secreted by the cell |
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Term
| Structures present in animal but NOT plant cells |
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Definition
| Centrosome, centrioles, flagella, and lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a connection between 2 plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| located on the surface of the lipid bilayer. the amino acids that make up these proteins MUST have non-polar side chains |
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Term
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Definition
| the CHO part of the glycoprotein is made of an oligosaccharide that hangs outside the cell. this helps with cell-cell recognition |
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Term
| Diffusion (passive transport) |
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Definition
| movement of a substance from greater to lesser concentration |
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Term
| Carrier mediated transport (facilitated diffusion) |
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Definition
| facilitated diffusion Requires the assistance of a carrier protein (still passive) |
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Term
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Definition
| pores that allow water to move across the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a substance against a concentration gradient (from low to high) this requires energy |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the total solute concentration |
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Term
| First law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy cannot be destroyed or created |
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Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Increase of entropy (entropy is a measure of randomness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of a system's energy that is ready o do work |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy out. DeltaG is negative (The chemical mixture loses energy), the reaction is spontaneous. Downhill |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy in. Delta G is positive, it's nonspontaneous. Uphill |
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Term
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Definition
| Water is Added to ATP, it is broken into ADP and an inorganic phosphate, yielding energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| adding an inorganic phosphate to a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidation reduction reaction. this requires the movement of electrons to a more electronegative atom. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the Oxidized form of NADH (NADH loses electrons to form NAD+). also known as the electron acceptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced form of NAD+ (NAD+ accepts an electron to become NADH) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in the cytosol. 1 glucose & 2 ATP are used, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H20, and 2 Pyruvate are yielded |
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Term
| junction between Glycolysis & Krebs |
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Definition
| Pyruvate moves into Mitochondrion- 1. C02 is released 2. NAD+--> NADH 3. Coenzyme A is added to make Acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxaloacetate is added to the incoming Acetyl CoA to make citrate and the cycle continues. for each Pyruvate (2 per glucose) the krebs cycle produces 2 C02, 3 NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP. (AKA 6 NADH and 2FADH2 and 2 ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| only yields 2 ATP, compared to NADH which yields 3 ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. NADH and FADH2 enter the chain and travel down to the last ion which is Oxygen (very electronegative). FADH2 provides 1/3 the energy of NADH. This produces a lot of H20 |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP synthase is powered by the flow of H+ ions back across the membrane into the mitochondrial matrix. the electron transport chain initially pumps H+ ions out into the intermembrane space so that the downward gradient powers enables ATP synthase to use the proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP forming ATP. |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The electron transport chain pumping H+ ions into the intermembraneous space and then ATP synthase using chemiosmosis to harness energy from the flow of H+ back into the Mitochondrial matrix. |
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Term
| ATP per glucose produced by Cell Respiration |
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Definition
| 4 by substrate level phosphorylation (2 in glycolysis and 2 in Krebs) and about 32 or 34 by Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| Without the presence of Oxygen, electrons cannot be pulled down the electron transport chain. In Anaerobic respiration, a less electronegative molecule is substituted for Oxygen at the end of the ETC. |
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Term
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Definition
| under anaerobic conditions, Glycolysis plus reactions that occur to make NAD+ to fuel Glycolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyruvate is converted to alcohol and CO2 and NAD+ are released |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form Lactate |
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