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| Name four molecules in living organisms. |
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Definition
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
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Term
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Definition
| A small molecule, two or more of which can be combined to form oligomers or polymers. |
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Definition
| polymers with molecular weights >1000. Built from monomers |
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Definition
| A large molecule made up of similar or identical sub-units called monomers. |
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Definition
Groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that are contributed when attached to larger molecules. Behavior is consistent.
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Term
| Seven functional groups most important in the chemistry of life... |
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Definition
§Hydroxyl group
§Carbonyl group
§Carboxyl group
§Amino group
§Sulfhydryl group
§Phosphate group
§Methyl group
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Term
| Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arrangement of methyl groups in male & female sex hormones affects their...? |
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Definition
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Definition
Molecules with same chemical formula, but atoms are arranged differently
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Definition
| isomers that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms |
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Definition
| isomers that the have same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements |
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Definition
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Definition
Organisms can obtain required macromolecules by eating other organisms
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| Polymers are formed in what kind of reactions? |
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Definition
| Condensation(dehydration) reactions |
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Term
| When polymers are formed what is removed and what is joined by covalent bonds? |
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Definition
- Water removed
- monomers joined by covalent bonds
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Term
| Polymers are broken down into monomers in what kind of reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| *What are the functions of proteins?* |
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Definition
- Structural support
- Protection
- Transport
- Catalysis
- Defense
- Regulation
- Movement
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Term
| Proteins are made from how many different amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
- Proteins consist of how many polypeptides?
- How many types of polypeptides?
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Definition
- One or more
- 1 or more types
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Term
| Chains of amino acids are folded into...? |
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Definition
| specific three dimensional shapes |
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Term
| Amino acids have what two groups that act as both acid and base? |
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Definition
| carboxyl and amino groups |
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Term
| Amino acids exist in what two isomeric forms? |
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Definition
- D-amino acids (dextro,"right")
- L-amino acids (levo, "left")
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Term
| Side chains are also called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many types of amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrophilic amino acids with polar but uncharged side chains form what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An electrically charged particle that forms when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons. |
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| A functional protein consists of how many polypeptides? |
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Definition
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Term
| A sequence of amino acids determines a functional protein's what? |
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Definition
| three-dimensional structure |
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Term
| The structure of a functional protein determines its? |
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Definition
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Term
In a polypeptide chain, which reads like a sentence:
- The "capital letter" is what group?
- The "period" is what group?
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Definition
- the amino group of the first amino acid - N terminus
- the carboxyl group of the last amino acid - C terminus
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Term
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Definition
| right-handed coil resulting from H bond every 4th aa (fibrous structural proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| H bonds between 2 or more polypeptide chains (aligned side by side) |
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Term
| What determines the secondary structure of a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary structure of a protein consists of a sequence of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary structure determines which other two structures of a protein? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the relative locations in three-dimensional space of all atoms in the molecule. The overall shape of a protein. |
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Term
| The Tertiary structure is determined by interactions of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the interactions of R-groups thaat determine the tertiary structure? |
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Definition
§Disulfide bonds
§Aggregation of hydrophobic side chains
§Van der waals forces
§Ionic bonds
§Hydrogen bonds
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Definition
| The specific three-dimensional arrangement of subunits |
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Definition
| Any molecule that binds to a receptor site of another molecule. |
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| What determines the function of a protein and allows it to bond non-covalently with another molecule? |
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Definition
| Specific shape andd functional groups |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of a 3-dimensional structure & function of protein (biologically inactive) |
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Term
| What conditions affect the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein? |
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Definition
§High temperature
§pH changes
§Salt concentration
§Other environmental factors
§High concentrations of polar molecules
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Definition
| proteins that guard other proteins by counteracting molecular interactions that threaten their three-dimensional structure. |
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Term
| What helps prevent proteins from binding to wrong ligands? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon molecules with hydrogen & hydroxyl groups |
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| What are the simplest carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Monnosaccharides are classified by...? |
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Definition
- Location of carbonyl group
- Number of carbons in carbon skeleton
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Term
- Monosaccharides with 3 carbons?
- With five carbons?
- With six carbons?
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Definition
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Definition
| two simple sugars linked by covalent bonds |
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Definition
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Polysaccharides
Examples...? |
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Definition
hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
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Term
Structure & function of a polysaccharide are determined by:
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Definition
Sugar monomers
Positions of glycosidic linkages |
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Term
what is the storage of glucose in plants?
in animals?
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Definition
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| Which polysaccharide is very stable and good for structural components? |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans cannot digest cellulose but what can? |
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Definition
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Term
Carbohydrates can be modified by the addition of what functional groups?
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Definition
Sugar phosphates
Amino sugars |
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Definition
| The characteristic tough but flexible organic component of the exoskeleton of arthropods, consisting of complex, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide. |
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Definition
| Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and the phospholipids that make up biological membranes. |
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Definition
| a simple lipid in which three fatty acids are combined with molecule of glycerol |
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Definition
| nonpolar hydrocarbon with a polar carboxyl group-bonds with hydroxyls of glycerol in an ester linkage |
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Term
| Three functions of lipids |
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Definition
- Hydrophobic
- High energy storage
- protection
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Term
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Definition
Process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
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Term
- What is the head of a phospholipid?
- the tail?
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Definition
- Hydrophilic phosphate group
- Hydrophobic fatty acid chains
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Definition
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Definition
| Any of a family of lipids whose multiple rings share carbons |
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Definition
| Small molecules not synthesized by the body |
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Definition
| A polymer made up of nucleotides, specialized for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information. DNA and RNA are nucleic acid. |
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Term
1)What are the functions of DNA?
2)Functions of RNA? |
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Definition
1)provides directions for its own replication
directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)
2)mRNA controls protein synthesis
protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes
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Term
| Sugars and phosphate groups are bonded by what type of linkages? |
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Definition
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*Test question*
Nucleoside has no phosphate group.
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Definition
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Term
| Purines pair with pyrimidines in what type of bonding? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four DNA bases? |
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Definition
- adenine (A)
- cytosine (C)
- guanine (G)
- thymine (T)
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Term
| Which bases pair to each other in complementary base pairing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Instead of thymine uses what base? |
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Definition
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Term
•RNA is single-stranded, but complementary base pairing occurs in the structure of some types of RNA** (test)
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Definition
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Term
•DNA is an informational molecule
§Information is encoded in sequences of bases
•RNA uses the information
§To determine the sequence of amino acids in proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to DNA and the (usually right-handed) coil configuration of two complimentary, antiparallel strands. |
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Term
| DNA replication and transcription depends on...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The complete DNA sequence for a particular organism or individual. |
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Term
| Closest living relative of the human is the...? |
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Definition
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Term
Roles of following nucleotides:
ATP
GTP
cAMP |
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Definition
energy transducer in biochemical reactions
energy source in protein synthesis
essential to the action of hormones & transmission of information in the nervous system |
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