Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous base in DNA, a purine |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternate versions of the same gene, produced by mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of mitosis during which microtubules contract and separate sister chromatides |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon that holds normal cells in place. Cancer cells can lose anchorage dependence, and migrate into other tissues or metastasize |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of new blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Feature of DNA double helix in which nucleotides face "up"on the side of the helix, and "down" on the other |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of reproduction in which a parent gives rise to genetically identical offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-sex chromosomes oh which there are 22 pairs in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor that stays in one place, and does not affect surrounding tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical removal of some cells, tissue, or fluid to determine if cells are cancerous |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that occurs when cell division escapes regulatory controls |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest blood vessel of the cardiovascular system connecting arteries to veins and allowing material exchange across their thin walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that causes cancer or increases the rate of development |
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Term
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Definition
| An ordered sequence of events in the life cycle of a eukaryotic cell from its origin until its division to produce daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Process a cell undergoes when it makes copies of itself. Production of daughter cells from original parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Process a cell undergoes when it makes copies of itself. Production of daughter cells from original parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A double layer of new cell that appears in the middle of a dividing plant cell, and divides the cytoplasm of the dividing cell |
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Term
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Definition
| though, but elastic structure surrounding plant and bacterial cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural polysaccharide found in cell walls and composed of glucose molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in animal cells that help anchor for microtubules during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of a chromosome where sister chromotids are attached and to which microtubules bind |
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Term
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Definition
| Stoppage during cell division that occurs to verify that division is proceeding correctly |
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Term
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Definition
| Using chemicals to try to kill rapidly dividing cancerous cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Subcellular structure composed of a long single molecule of DNA and associated proteins, housed inside the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| The vessels that transport blood, nutrients, and waste around the body |
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Term
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Definition
| In embryology the period of rapid cell division that occurs during animal development |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled scientific experiment to determine the effectiveness of novel treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous bases that hydrogen bond to each other. In DNA, adenine is complementary to thymine, cytosine is complementary to thymine, cytosine is complementary to guanine. In RNA, adenine is complementary to uracil and guanine to cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| Property of cells that prevents them from invading surrounding tissues. Cancer cells may lose this property. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene for gene exchange of genetic information between members of homologous pair of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Noncancerous fluid filled growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the cell cycle during which two daughter cells are formed by cytoplasm splitting |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous base, a pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| The offspring cells that are produced by the process of cell division |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all of the proteins required by the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The five carbon sugar in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell containing homologous pairs of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Enezyme that facilitates base pairing during DNA synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis of two daughter DNA molecules from one original parent molecule. Takes place during the phase of interphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gamete produced by a female organism |
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Term
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Definition
| The fusion of haploid gametes (in humans, egg and sperm) to produce a diploid zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized sex cell (sperm and egg in humans) that contain half as many chromosomes as other body cells and are therefore haploid |
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Term
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Definition
| Discrete unit of heritable information about genetic traits. Consists of a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide - a protein or part of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| The male and female sex organs, testicles in the human males or ovaries in the human females |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that stimulates cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous base in DNA, a purine |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes cells containing only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes; in humans, these cells are eggs and sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of two chromosomes of the same size and shape with centromeres in the same position. Homologous pairs of chomosomes carry the same genes in the same locations but may carry different alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| Property of cancer cells that allows them to divide more times that normal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the cell cycle when a cell is preparing for division and the DNA is duplicated. Consists of G1, S, and G2 |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin tubular instrumeent inserted through an abdominal incision and used to view organs in the pelvic cavity and abdominal incision and used to view organs in the pelvic cavity and abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes located on the same chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Organ located along lymph vessels that filter lymph and help defend against bacteria and viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of vessels and nodes that return fluid and protein to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a tumor that is cancerous, whether it is invasive or metastatic |
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Term
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Definition
| Process that diploid sex cells undergo in order to produce haploid daughter cells. Occurs during gametogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of mitosis during which duplicated chromosomes align across the middle of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| When cells from a tumor break away and start new cancers at distant locations |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein structure that moves chromosomes around during mitosis and meosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the nucleus that produces daughter cells that are genetically idnetical to the parent cell. Also, portion of the cell cycle in which DNA is apportioned into two daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that many different genetic mutations are required for a cancer to develop |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that increases the likelihood of mutation occurring, increases the likelihood of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogen - containing base founding DNA: A, C G, and Tm and in RNA: U |
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Term
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Definition
| The double membrane enclosing the nucleus in Eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers of nucleotides that comprise DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Building blocks of nucleic acids that include a sugar,a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell structure that houses DNA and is found in Eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutant version of a cell cycle controlling proto-oncogene |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg-carrying duct that brings egg cells from ovaries to uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Release of an egg cell from the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposite ends of a sphere, such as of a cell or of a planet |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of mitosis during which duplicated chromosomes condense |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that encode proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Mutated proto-oncogenes (oncogenes) can lead to cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Focusing beams of reactive particles at a tumor to kill the dividing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental cancer treatment with the goal of delivering radioactive substances directly to tumors without affecting other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| When members of a homologous pair line up randomly with respect to maternal or paternal origin during metaphase 1 of meiosis, this increasing the genetic diversity of offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein on a surface of a cell that recognize and binds to a specific chemical signal |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary cellular component of blood, responsible for ferrying oxygen throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The period during which the symptoms of a disease subside |
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Term
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Definition
| The five carbon sugar found in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Any exposure or behavior that increases the likelihood of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of the sex determining chromosomes (x and y in humans) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction involving two parents that give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Either of the two duplicated, identical copies of a chromosome formed after DNA synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of the body cells in an organism. Any cell that is not a gamete |
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Term
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Definition
| Gametes produced by males |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of alternating sugars and phosphates along the length of the DNA helix |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme helps prevent the degradation of the tips of chromosomes, active during development and sometimes reactivated in cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope from around the newly produced daughter nucleus, and chromosomes decondense |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous base in DNA, a pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosomal condition in which three copies of a chromosome exist instead of the two copies of a chromosome normally present in a diploid organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass of tissue that has no apparent function in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular protein that stops tumor formation by suppressing cell division. When mutated leads to increased likelihood of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Single cell resulting from the fusion of gametes (egg and sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective breeding of domesticated animals and plants to increase the frequency of desirable traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual who is heterozygous for a recessive allele |
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Term
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Definition
| Two different alleles of a gene that are equally expressed in the heterozygote |
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Term
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Definition
| A range of slightly different values for a trait in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a relationship between two factors |
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Term
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Definition
| In genetics, the mating of two organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Fraternal twins (non-identical) that develop when two different sperm fertilize two different egg cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Applies to an allele with an effect that is visible in a heterozygote |
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Term
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Definition
| The developmental stage commencing after the first mitotic divisions of the zygote and ending when the body structures begin to appear, from about the second week after fertilization to about the ninth week |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences in alleles that exist among individuals in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic composition of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of variation for a trait in a population that can be explained by differences in genes among individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual carrying two different alleles of a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Genotype containing two different alleles of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Having two copies of the same allele of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| The separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes into gametes independently of one another during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Description of growth and reproduction of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Identical twins that developed from one zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation where unique circumstances allow a hypothesis test without prior intervention by researchers |
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Term
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Definition
| Bell-shaped curve, as for the distribution of quantitative traits in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| In animals, the paired abdominal structures that produce egg cells and secrete female hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical and physiological traits of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| A trait influenced by many genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Table that lists the different kinds of sperm or eggs parents can produce relative to the gene or genes in question and predicts the possible outcomes of a cross between these parents |
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Term
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Definition
| Trait that produces phenotypes in distinct categories |
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Term
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Definition
| Trait that has many possible values |
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Term
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Definition
| The unpredictability of exactly which gametes will fuse during the process of sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Applies to an allele with an effect that is not visible in a heterozygote |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation of pairs of alleles during the production of gametes. Results in a 50% probability that a given gamete contains one allele rather than the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous base in RNA, a pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| Mathematical term for the amount of variation in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| A system for categorizing human blood based on presence or absence of carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A jelly like slab used to separate molecule on the basis of molecular weight |
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Term
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Definition
| For DNA, the breaking of hydrogen bonds between the two strands of the double stranded DNA helix, resulting in single-stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic cross involving the alleles of two different genes. For example: AaBb x AaBb |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful genetic identification technique that takes advantage of differences in DNA sequences between all people other than identical twins |
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Term
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Definition
| The separation of biological molecules on the basis of their size and charge by measuring their rate of movement through an electric field |
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Term
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Definition
| Rare genetic disorder caused by a sex-linked recessive allele that prevents normal blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of inheritance where the hetrozygote has a phenotype intermediate to both homozygotes |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomes of a cell, displayed with chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and according to size |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chromosomal condition in which only one member of a homologous pair is present |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene for which there are more than two alleles segregating in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| The failure of members of a homologous pair of chromosomes to separate from each other during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Family tree that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of individuals produced by a genetic cross that possess each of the carious phenotypes that cross can generate |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of one gene to affect many different functions |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation between nucleotides |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| A labortory techniques that allows the production of many identical DNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Single-stranded nucleic acid that has been radioactively labled |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that cleaves DNA at specific nucleotide sequences |
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Term
| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) |
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Definition
| Differences among members of a population in the number and size of DNA fragments generated by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface molecule found on some red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Determining the biological sex of an offspring. Humans have a chromosomal mechanism of sex determination in which two X chromosomes produce a female and an X and Y chromosome produce a male |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of the genes found of the X or Y chromosomes |
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Term
| Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) |
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Definition
| A DNA sequence that varies in number between individuals. Used during the process of DNA fingerprinting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The inactivation of one of two chromosomes in the XX female |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any of the genes located on the X chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of the genes located on the Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that serves to enhance the transcription of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of tRNA that binds to a mNRA codon |
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Term
|
Definition
| Producing copies of gene or an organism that are genetically identical |
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Term
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Definition
| A triplet of mRNA nucleotides. Transfer RNA molecules bind to codons during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The entire contents of the cell (except the nucleus) surrounded by the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease characterized by progressive deterioration |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted from a DNA sequence is not a multiple of three |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Turning a gene on or off. A gene is expressed when the protein it encodes is synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
| Device used to shoot DNA-coated pellets into plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Replacing defective genes (or their protein products) with functional ones |
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Term
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Definition
| Table showing which mRNA codons code for which amino acids |
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Term
| Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) |
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Definition
| Organisms whose genome incorporates genes from another organism; also called transgenic or genetically engineered organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Entire suite of genes present in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene therapy that changes genes in a zygote or early embryo, thus the entire embryo, thus the embryo will pass the engineered genes to their offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Effort to determine the cucleotide base Sequences and chromosomal locations of all human genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Fertilization that takes place when sperm and egg are combined in glass or test tube |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complementary RNA copy of a DNA gene, produced during transcription. The mRNA Undergoes translation to synthesize a protein. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any nonhuman organism used in genetic studies to help scientists understand human genes because they share genes with humans |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic mutation that confers no selective advantage or disadvantage |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of a nucleus from one cell to another cell that has had its nucleus removed |
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Term
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Definition
| Small gland attached by a stalk to the base of the brain that secretes growth hormone, reproductive hormones, and other hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Circular piece of bacterial DNA that normally exists separate from the bacterial chromosome and can make copies of itself |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of nucleotides to which the polymerse binds to start transcription |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cellular constituents made of amino acids coded for by genes. Proteins can have structural, transport, or enzymatic roles |
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Term
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Definition
| Joining amino acids together, in an order dictated by a gene, to produce a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| The grouping of mRNAs into three base condons for translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by manipulating a DNA sequence |
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Term
| Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH) |
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Definition
| Growth hormone produced in a laboratory and into cows to increase their size and ability to produce milk |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that suppresses the expression of a gene |
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Term
| Reproductive Cloning Transferring |
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Definition
| The nucleus from a donor adult cell without a nucleus in order to clone the adult |
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that cleaves DNA at the specific nucleotide sequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| Subcellular structure that helps translate genetic material into proteins by anchoring and exposing small sequences of mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| Information carrying molecule composed of nucleotides |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template during transcription |
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Term
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID) |
|
Definition
| Illness caused by a genetic mutation that results in the absence of an enzyme, and a severely weakened immune system |
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Term
| Somatic Cell Gene Therapy |
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Definition
| Changes to malfunctioning genes in somatic or body cells. These changes will not be passed to offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that can divide indefinitely and can differentiate into other cell types |
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Term
|
Definition
| An mRNA codon that does not code for a amino acid and causes the amino acid chain to be released into the cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Using early embryos as donors of stem cells for the replacement of damaged tissues and organs in another individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tumor-inducing plasmid used to genetically modify crop plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a cell able to specialize into any cell type of its species including embryonic membrane. Compare with multipotent, pluripotent |
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Term
|
Definition
| Production of an RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amino acid carrying RNA structure with an anti codon that binds to a mRNA codon |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organism whose genome incorporates genes from another organism also called genetically modified organism (GMO) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process by which an mRNA sequence is used to produce a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cell that is not specialized |
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Term
|
Definition
| Infections intracellular parasite composed of a strand of genetic material and a protein or fatty coating that can only reproduce by forcing its host to make copies of it |
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