Term
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Definition
| organisms that produce their own food |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that consume food because they cant make their own |
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Term
| where does photosynthesis occur in the cells of autotrophs? |
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Definition
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Term
what is being oxidized in light dependent reactions?
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the electrons come from to start the ETC in light dependent rxns? |
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Definition
| from the oxidized water molecule |
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Term
| the schematic that described the light dependent rxns |
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Definition
| the electron starts in photosystem 2 and is bounced around until light energy boosts it to the ETC and ATP is made. the electron falls to photosystem 1 and light energy boosts it to the second ETC and NADPH is made |
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Term
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Definition
| obtains energy through the oxidation of inorganic molecules; takes in CO2 and other inorganic nutrients to form complex organic molecules; doesnt use light but use chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| use sunlight and CO2 to take in inorganic molecules and oxidize them and turn them into complex organic molecules |
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Term
What role do photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
Where are they located? |
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Definition
they bring in light energy
chlorophyll is green
caratenoids are orangeish red
located on thylakoid membrane |
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Term
| where does the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis occur? |
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Definition
| along the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
| where does the light independent reaction of photosynthesis occur? |
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Definition
| in the stroma of the chloroplasts |
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Term
| how does the light reaction convert energy into food? |
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Definition
| h2o is oxidized and the electrons go into photosystem 2 and gain light energy and shoot into the ETC and go down it to give off energy for production of ATP(which goes into calvin cycle). the electrons enter photosystem 1 where they gain energy from sunlight to go into ETC #2 and attach to NADP and turn it into NADPH(which goes to calvin also) |
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Term
| How does the Calvin Cycle cooperate to convert light energy to food? |
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Definition
| 3 CO2 is used and in carbon fixation they are fixed into a 3 carbon sugar (CO2 plus RuBP thru protein rubisco) which takes 6 ATP and 6 NADPH in reduction. the output is then glucose and other organic molecules. Then RuBP has to be regenerated in order to accept any more CO2 and 3 ATP is needed for this. THIS PROCESS USES CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM LIGHT DEP RXN |
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Term
| Low energy electrons "pulled" from water are passed initially to what molecules? |
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Definition
| the molecules at the center of the photosystems that collect all of the energy (reaction center chlorophyll) |
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Term
| cyclic photophosphorilation |
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Definition
produces ATP only; electrons are recycled; uses only photosystem 1 and one ETC and pigment 700 (p700)
electrons excited with light energy (P700) in PI and sent up to e- acceptor then move down the ETC moving H+ against its gradient and the H+ move back across thru the ATPsynth. after e- leave and ATP is formed and e- recycled |
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Term
| Non-cyclic photophosphorilation |
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Definition
produces both ATP and NADPH
uses oxidation of water (e- and H+) H+ enters thylakoid space and moves across the thylakoid membrane thru ATP synthase and makes ATP from ADP. electrons use light energy and travel along thylakoid membrane through electron acceptors and ETCs finally making NADPH
NADPH and ATP are sent to calvin cycle |
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor of light independent reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the fn of accessory photosynthetic pigments like caratenoids and the chlorophylls?
What colors do they reflect and absorb? |
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Definition
they harness the suns energy from inside photosystems of pigments
caratenoids are orangy red
chlorophylls are green |
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Term
| How do photosystems harness energy from the sunlight? |
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Definition
| they absorb the energy thru their pigments which move electrons to their acceptors and ultimately make ATP and NADPH |
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Term
| How is water involved in light dependent reactions |
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Definition
| Oxidized water starts the reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 CO2 molecules are bound to a RuBP by way of the protein rubisco to form a 3 carbon sugar. the carbon is "fixed" to the RuBP |
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Term
| How are ATP and NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
they are used as chemical energy that produce sugars
6 of both |
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Term
| How are sugars produced in the Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| How is CO2 used in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| it provides the carbon for the three carbon sugar; it moves in and out of the leaf through the stomata |
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Term
| How is CO2 produced in Cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What composes the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
phospholipids:
A phosphate group
glycerol
2 fatty acid tails
Hydrophyllic head
Hydrophobic tails
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Term
| what are the differences between a plant and animal cell? |
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Definition
animal cell has a centriole, lysosomes, and flagella
plant cells have a central vacuole (tonoplast), a cell wall, plasmodesmata, and chloroplasts |
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Term
what are the different types of diffusion?
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Definition
active: needs energy
passive: doesnt require energy
facilitated: passive but moves through a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| water moves out and there is low solute in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| free water moves into the cell and there is high solute inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| has equal concentration; water moves in and out at an equal rate |
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Term
| Why is the plasma membrane called the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
fluid because the phospholipids move around and flip places
mosaic because of a mixed composition of proteins |
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Term
Why is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?
What moves in and out easily and what needs help? |
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Definition
the phospholipids decide what enters and exits;
hydrophobic and nonpolar molecules move freely through the membrane
hydrophilic and polar molecules and anything with charge need help moving through |
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Term
exergonic reaction
example? |
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Definition
spontaneous, -delta G, tends toward stability
an example is Cellular Respiration |
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Term
endergonic reaction
example? |
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Definition
nonspontaneous, +delta G, tend toward instability
Example is photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
the first reaction drives the second
the exergonic reactions gives the energy to the endergonic |
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Term
phosphorilation
an example of this |
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Definition
giving off a phosphate
ATP giving off a phosphate + energy |
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Term
what is a redox reaction
(oxidation v. reduction) |
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Definition
oxidation looses an electron
reduction gains an electron |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrons flow through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen; during this flow, hydrogens are moved across the inner membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Then the hydrogen moves through the membrane in ATP Synthase and makes ATP (Chemiosmosis). |
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Term
| Final electron acceptor of the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
| all the chemical reactions of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| requires oxygen; goes through glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC |
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Term
| where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Krebs cycle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 is not required; goes through glycolysis and fermentation |
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Term
| where does fermentation occur |
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Definition
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Term
| what does fermentation do |
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Definition
part of anaerobic pathway;recycle the products of glycolysis (2 pyruvate)
it requires the products of glycolysis (2 pyruvates) and converts them to lactic acid in animal cells or ethanol in plants and yeast
oxidizes NADH to NAD+
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down glucose and produces 2 pyruvates |
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Term
| What is the main ATP producing pathway in Cellular Respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is needed to start glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the end product of glycolysis that is needed to start the next rxn? |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate (3 carbon sugars) |
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Term
| What besides pyruvate is produced by glycolysis that is needed for the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
Is ATP produced in glycolysis?
How many? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is O2 required for glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
How are electrons and hydrogen carried to the ETC?
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Definition
FADH2 and NADH
electron carriers |
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Term
| When is the most ATP produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is substrate level phosphorilation? |
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Definition
enzymes require it because it binds to a substrate
PEP gives its P to ADP = ATP
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Term
| oxidative phosphorilation |
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Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. |
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Term
| What enters the Kreb's Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is produced by the Krebs Cycle and where do they go? |
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Definition
NADH and FADH2 go to the ETC
2ATP is used immediately
the waste is CO2 |
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Term
| Where is the Kreb's Cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| When is CO2 released in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
animals - Krebs cycle
Plants and yeast - fermentation |
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Term
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Definition
produces ATP
The electron chain is used to transport electrons from NADH or FADH to oxygen in order to reduce it to H2O |
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Term
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Definition
the protein that sits in the mitochondrial membrane
hydrogen moves through it and it changes shape and allows the hydrogen to bind and form ATP |
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