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Biology...everything
Ch. 10-18; 35-40
57
Biology
9th Grade
05/18/2009

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Term
spindle
Definition
fanlike microtuble structure that helps seperate the chromosomes
Term
centromere
Definition
place where a pair of chromatids is attached
Term
sister chromatids
Definition
what each chromosome consists of at the begining of cell division
Term
centrioles
Definition
tiny structure in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope
Term
cytokenisis
Definition
phase in which the sytoplasm pinches in half and each cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes
Term
cancer
Definition
a disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
Term
what happens as a cell grows and why must it divide?
Definition
the larger a cell becomes the more demands it places on the DNA nad has more trouble moving enough nutrients and waste across the cell
Term
G1 phase
Definition
cell increases in size and synthesises new protiens and organelles
Term
S phase
Definition
chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNa moleclues takes place
Term
G2 phase
Definition
many of the organelles and molecules required for all reprodution are produced; cell prepares for M phase
Term
prophase
Definition
chromosomes become visible. centrioles take up positions on opposite sides of nucleus
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromosomes line uo across center of cell
Term
anaphase
Definition
the chromosomes move untilthey form two groups near the poles of the spindles
Term
telophase
Definition
a nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes. the nucleous becoems visible in each daughter nucleus
Term
heterozygous
Definition
organisms with two different alleles for the same trait (Tt)
Term
homozygous
Definition
organisms with two identical alleles for a particular trait (TT/tt)
Term
allele
Definition
different froms of a gene
Term
traits
Definition
specific characteristic (seed color/height)
Term
hybrid
Definition
offspring of crosses between parents
Term
punnett squares
Definition
diagram showing the possible gene combinations that can reslut form genteic combination
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
cases in bwhich one allele is not completely dominant over another
Term
diploid
Definition
cell that contains both sets of homogulous chromosme
Term
haploid
Definition
single set of chromosomes/genes
Term
crossing over
Definition
process of exchanging portions of chromatids that results in the exchange of alleles between homogulous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles
Term
tetrad
Definition
chromosomes paired with thier corrosponding chromosomes; 4 chromatids
Term
meosis vs. mitosis
Definition
meosis produces four genetically different haploids and mitosis results in two genetically identical diploids
Term
nucleotide
Definition
deoxyribose, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Term
replication
Definition
DNA molecules seperate into two strands, then produce two new complementary strands following the rules of base-pairing
Term
transcription
Definition
RNa polymerse binds to DNA and seperates the DNA strands RNA polymerse then uses one strand of DNA as a template for which nucleotides are assembled into one strand
Term
translation
Definition
cell uses info from messenger RNA to produce protiens
Term
base pairing
Definition
A-T and G-C
Term
RNA- structure
Definition
long chain like nucleotides;
Term
function of 3 types of RNA
Definition
messenger- carries copies of instructions; ribsomal- RNA that makes up major parts of ribosomes; transfer- transfers each amino acid to the ribsome as its specified by coded messages in the mRNA
Term
differences between RNA and DNA
Definition
sugar in RNA is ribose as opposed to deoxyribose; RNA is single stranded; RNA has uracil as instead of thymine
Term
mutations
Definition
changes in genetic material
Term
gel electrophoresis
Definition
mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of pourous gel, electric voltage to gel. when on DNA molecules which have a - charge move toward the
+ end of the gel; smaller the fragemnt the faster it moves
Term
recombinant DNA
Definition
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Term
DNA fingerprinting
Definition
unlike most DNA testing ignores the DNa with the most function that is widely common but focuses on the DNA with little to no function that vary widely form one indiviual to another
Term
human karyotype
Definition
photgraph of chromosomes grouped in ordered in pairs
Term
human Genome Project
Definition
on going effort to analyze the human DNA sequence
Term
evolution
Definition
change of time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ogranisms
Term
Darwin's book
Definition
On the Origin of Species
Term
natural selection
Definition
organisms mate without human interference
Term
artificial selection
Definition
humans pick which organsims seem most benificial to cross
Term
survival of the fittest
Definition
the more adapt an organism is to its environment the better it survies and reproduces
Term
Hutton's contribution
Definition
wrote a book on the changing geographical features of Earth; suggested it had to be more than a few thousand years old
Term
Lyell's contribution
Definition
said the Earthe is changing and has been changing for millions of years; led Darmwin to think the sme could be for life
Term
Mathus' contribution
Definition
only things working against human growth were war, disease and famine. if human populaiton continued to grow unchecked sooner or later there would be insufficient living space
Term
Wallace's contribution
Definition
had the same thoughts on evolutionary change in Malaysia, let him know he wasn't alone and gave him confidence to produce his own piece
Term
evolutionary classification
Definition
the strategy of grouping organisms based on thier evolutionary history is called evolutionary classification
Term
cladistic analysis
Definition
Term
Linneaus' Classification
Definition
kingdom, phylum, can, order, family, genus, species
Term
Linneaus' two kingdoms
Definition
Anamilia and Plantae
Term
what now makes up the old kingdom Monera?
Definition
Eubacteria and Archeabacteria
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
Term
how is a scientific name written?
Definition
itialics, captilized first name then not second name
Term
what is a common name?
Definition
name that varies by region
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