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Biology EOC
notes/study guide
68
Biology
10th Grade
04/25/2011

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Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Key source of energy
Term
Proteins
Definition
linked by amino acids; promote chemical reactions and structural support
Term
Enzymes
Definition
increase speed of chemical reactions; reduce activation energy
Term
Lipids
Definition
not soluble in water; saturated- carbon atoms combined by hydrogen bonds.. unsaturated- carbon atoms combined by a “double” covalent bond
Term
Nucleic acids
Definition
long chain of nucleotides which have 3 parts: sugar, base, phosphate group
Term
2 types of nucleotides:
Definition
RNA- manufactures proteins; single strand and DNA- stores heredity info; 2 strands
Term
Relationship between enzyme and its substrate molecules:
Definition
active sites attach to an enzyme and create a new molecule
Term
Surface tension
Definition
hydrogen bond; keeps water from bending or strectching
Term
Adhesion
Definition
attracts different substances; powers capillary action where molecules move upward through a tube (stem)
Term
Cohesion
Definition
attracts similar substances; the attraction causes surface tension
Term
Polarity
Definition
enables substances to dissolve in water
Term
pH
Definition
Acids and Bases
Term
Activation energy
Definition
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Term
Exergonic reactions
Definition
a reaction that gives off free energy
Term
Endergonic reactions
Definition
a reaction requiring a net input of free energy
Term
Hierarchy of Life:
Definition
Bottom: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, community, ecosystem: top
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
no nucleus (bacteria)
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
nucleus (fungi, plants, animals, protists)
Term
Organelles
Definition
carry out specific activities in the cell
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Where proteins are made
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
microscopic fibers
Term
Compare and contrast the function of the plasma (cell) membrane to its structure:
Definition
the cell membrance contains phospholipids that are arranged in a double layer called lipid bilayer.
Term
Lipid Bilayer
Definition
allows ipids and substances that dissolve in lipids to pass through.
Term
Compare/Contrast structures of animal cell to plant cell:
Definition
Amimal cell has centrials and lysosomes.
Plant cell has cellulose, chloroplast, and a central vacuole.
both have a nucleus
Term
Compare/Contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs:
Definition
Autotrophs make own food and are photosynthetic. ex. plants and some prokaryotes
Heterotrophs consume their food and get energy from food by cellular respiration. Use this energy to make ATP. ex. humans/animals.
Term
diffuion
Definition
passive transport; Transfers substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. (without the use of energy)
Term
osmosis
Definition
passive transport; transfers water from area of high concentration to areas of low concentration. (without the use of energy)
Term
endocytosis
Definition
active transport; movement of substance into a cell by a vesicle. (using energy)
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Movement of a vesicle to the outside of a cell (using energy)
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
a type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
Term
Phinocytosis
Definition
type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solutes of fluids
Term
Interphase
Definition
First growth (G1) phase: cell grows rapidly, do NOT divide in this phase. (Cells spend most lifetime in this phase)
Synthesis (S) phase- The cell's DNA is copied; each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids attached at each centromere.
Second Growth (G2) Phase- Prepares for nucleus to divide. Protein fibers are rearranged.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Cell's nucleus is divided into 2 nuclei. Each nucleus ends up with same number and kinds of chromosomes as original cell.
Term
Cytokensis
Definition
Cytoplasm divides
Term
Prophase
Definition
Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envolope dissolves, spindle forms
Term
Metaphase
Definition
chromosomes line up along the equator
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Centromeres divide, chromostids (now called chromosomes) move toward opposite poles
Term
Telophase
Definition
Nuclear Envelope forms at each pole,
chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves, cytokinesis begins.
Term
Compare/Contrast function of mitochondria and chloroplasts:
Definition
Mitochondria harvests energy from organic compounds to make ATP.
Chloroplasts are plastids that contain chlorophyll; site of photosynethesis
Term
Outcomes of Gregor Mendel's experimental procedures:
Definition
He mixed a purple flower with a white flower and ended up with a pink flower. He mixed different generations after that and got many different results.
Term
Karyotypes for abnormalities:
Definition
Monosomy- 1 chromosome
trisomy- 1X or 1Y; (3 chromosomes; downsyndrome)
Term
Point Mutation
Definition
a single nucleiotide changes
Term
deletion
Definition
segements of a gene are lost
Term
Lamark and Darwins explanation of evolution by natural selection:
Definition
Lamark said however u adapt is how ur offspring will be (if your parents are ripped with muscles, that's how your children will be)
Darwin said only the strong shall survive (you have to adapt to your surroundings and your parents DNA combine to make the offsprings DNA)
Term
Radiometric dating
Definition
extimation of the age of an object by measuring its content of certain radioactive isotapes
Term
Eubacteria
Definition
Prokaryotic, cell wall with peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic
Term
Archaebacteria
Definition
Prokaryotic, Cell wall with NO peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic
Term
Protista
Definition
Eukaryotic, mixed cell structure, unicellular and multicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic
Term
Fungi
Definition
Eukaryotic, cell wall with chitin, unicellular and multicellular, heterotrophic
Term
Plantae
Definition
Eukaryotic, cell wall with cellulose, milticellular, autotrophic
Term
Animalia
Definition
Eukaryotic, NO cell wall, multicellular heterotrophic
Term
8 major taxonomic categories:
Definition
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. (remember Did King Philip Come Over From Great Spain)
Term
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
Definition
Lytic- host cell dies
Lysogenic- host cell does NOT die (host cell divides normally)
Term
Fungi
Definition
Fungi is non-living because it does NOT have all 7 characteristics of living organisms.
Term
Gymnosperms
Definition
seed plants whose seeds do NOT develop within a sealed container
Term
Angiosperms
Definition
produce seeds that develop enclosed within a specialized structure called a fruit
Term
Cycads
Definition
Short stems and palmlike leaves
Term
roots
Definition
absorb nutrients to help plants grow
Term
stems
Definition
transport materials and offer support for the plant
Term
leaves
Definition
where photosynthesis takes place
Term
flowers
Definition
reproductive structure; attracts animals and insects allowing them to reproduce
Term
abiotic
Definition
nonliving
Term
biotic
Definition
living
Term
Commensalism
Definition
one species benefits from the symbiotic relationship and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Term
mutualism
Definition
symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
Term
parasitism
Definition
symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed
Term
primary succession
Definition
1st to appear (lichen would be the primary succession because it can grow on anything, everything else needs soil or another living organism to grow on)
Term
secondary succession
Definition
moss would be a secondary succession because it appears AFTER the 1st succession because it needs soil or another living organism to grow on
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