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| made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Key source of energy |
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| linked by amino acids; promote chemical reactions and structural support |
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| increase speed of chemical reactions; reduce activation energy |
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| not soluble in water; saturated- carbon atoms combined by hydrogen bonds.. unsaturated- carbon atoms combined by a “double” covalent bond |
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| long chain of nucleotides which have 3 parts: sugar, base, phosphate group |
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| RNA- manufactures proteins; single strand and DNA- stores heredity info; 2 strands |
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| Relationship between enzyme and its substrate molecules: |
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| active sites attach to an enzyme and create a new molecule |
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| hydrogen bond; keeps water from bending or strectching |
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| attracts different substances; powers capillary action where molecules move upward through a tube (stem) |
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| attracts similar substances; the attraction causes surface tension |
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| enables substances to dissolve in water |
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| energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
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| a reaction that gives off free energy |
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| a reaction requiring a net input of free energy |
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| Bottom: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, community, ecosystem: top |
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| nucleus (fungi, plants, animals, protists) |
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| carry out specific activities in the cell |
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| Compare and contrast the function of the plasma (cell) membrane to its structure: |
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| the cell membrance contains phospholipids that are arranged in a double layer called lipid bilayer. |
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| allows ipids and substances that dissolve in lipids to pass through. |
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| Compare/Contrast structures of animal cell to plant cell: |
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Amimal cell has centrials and lysosomes.
Plant cell has cellulose, chloroplast, and a central vacuole.
both have a nucleus |
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| Compare/Contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs: |
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Autotrophs make own food and are photosynthetic. ex. plants and some prokaryotes
Heterotrophs consume their food and get energy from food by cellular respiration. Use this energy to make ATP. ex. humans/animals. |
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| passive transport; Transfers substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. (without the use of energy) |
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| passive transport; transfers water from area of high concentration to areas of low concentration. (without the use of energy) |
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| active transport; movement of substance into a cell by a vesicle. (using energy) |
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| Movement of a vesicle to the outside of a cell (using energy) |
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| a type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large particles or whole cells |
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| type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solutes of fluids |
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First growth (G1) phase: cell grows rapidly, do NOT divide in this phase. (Cells spend most lifetime in this phase)
Synthesis (S) phase- The cell's DNA is copied; each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids attached at each centromere.
Second Growth (G2) Phase- Prepares for nucleus to divide. Protein fibers are rearranged. |
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| Cell's nucleus is divided into 2 nuclei. Each nucleus ends up with same number and kinds of chromosomes as original cell. |
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| Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envolope dissolves, spindle forms |
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| chromosomes line up along the equator |
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| Centromeres divide, chromostids (now called chromosomes) move toward opposite poles |
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Nuclear Envelope forms at each pole,
chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves, cytokinesis begins. |
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| Compare/Contrast function of mitochondria and chloroplasts: |
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Mitochondria harvests energy from organic compounds to make ATP.
Chloroplasts are plastids that contain chlorophyll; site of photosynethesis |
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| Outcomes of Gregor Mendel's experimental procedures: |
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| He mixed a purple flower with a white flower and ended up with a pink flower. He mixed different generations after that and got many different results. |
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| Karyotypes for abnormalities: |
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Monosomy- 1 chromosome
trisomy- 1X or 1Y; (3 chromosomes; downsyndrome) |
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| a single nucleiotide changes |
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| segements of a gene are lost |
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| Lamark and Darwins explanation of evolution by natural selection: |
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Lamark said however u adapt is how ur offspring will be (if your parents are ripped with muscles, that's how your children will be)
Darwin said only the strong shall survive (you have to adapt to your surroundings and your parents DNA combine to make the offsprings DNA) |
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| extimation of the age of an object by measuring its content of certain radioactive isotapes |
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| Prokaryotic, cell wall with peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic |
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| Prokaryotic, Cell wall with NO peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic |
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| Eukaryotic, mixed cell structure, unicellular and multicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic |
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| Eukaryotic, cell wall with chitin, unicellular and multicellular, heterotrophic |
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| Eukaryotic, cell wall with cellulose, milticellular, autotrophic |
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| Eukaryotic, NO cell wall, multicellular heterotrophic |
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| 8 major taxonomic categories: |
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| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. (remember Did King Philip Come Over From Great Spain) |
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| Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles |
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Lytic- host cell dies
Lysogenic- host cell does NOT die (host cell divides normally) |
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| Fungi is non-living because it does NOT have all 7 characteristics of living organisms. |
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| seed plants whose seeds do NOT develop within a sealed container |
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| produce seeds that develop enclosed within a specialized structure called a fruit |
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| Short stems and palmlike leaves |
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| absorb nutrients to help plants grow |
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| transport materials and offer support for the plant |
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| where photosynthesis takes place |
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| reproductive structure; attracts animals and insects allowing them to reproduce |
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| one species benefits from the symbiotic relationship and the other is neither harmed nor helped |
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| symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed |
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| 1st to appear (lichen would be the primary succession because it can grow on anything, everything else needs soil or another living organism to grow on) |
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| moss would be a secondary succession because it appears AFTER the 1st succession because it needs soil or another living organism to grow on |
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