Term
| Which chemicals do not contain Carbon Atoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are organic molecules |
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Definition
| molecules that contain carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains |
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Term
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Definition
| objects have parts that fit together in a meaningful way |
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Term
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Definition
| Living things that are organized, |
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Term
| What are Unique Synthetic Molecules |
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Definition
Modern Chemistry has manufactured unique organic molecules that cannot be produced by living things: such as Nylon, aspirin, plexiglas, food wrap and insecticides
- they have been invented by organic chemists |
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Term
| original Natural molecules have been altered by chemists- to produce organic molecules more efficiently such as? |
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Definition
| rubber, certain vitamins, insulin, alcohol and penicillin |
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Term
| The carbon atom is the central atom in all of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It can combine with other carbon atoms to form long chains - and in many cases, the ends of these chains may join together to form rings |
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Term
| Carbon atoms characterisics |
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Definition
1. usually involved in covalent Bonds
2. bonding sites are located at equal distance from one another, because the 4 outer most electrons do not stay in the standard positions
3. They distribute themselves differently, enabling them to be as far apart as possible
4. It has 4 places it can bond - the carbon atom can combine with 4 other atoms by forming 4 separate, (single covalent bonds) with other atoms. |
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Term
| Can some atoms be bonded to a single atom more than once? |
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Definition
| Yes, this results in a slightly different arrangement of bonds around a carbon atom (because carbon atoms have 4 places it can bond with up to 4 different atoms) |
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Term
| What is a double covalent bond? |
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Definition
Two covalent bonds formed between 2 atoms that share 2 pairs of electrons
Example: common between oxygen and carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are triple covalent bonds? |
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Definition
| Some organic molecules can form these - in which they share 3 pairs of atoms |
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Term
| What are commonly found atoms of an organic molecule? |
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Definition
Hydorgen (H) and Oxygen (O) are almost always present
Nitrogen (N), Sulfer(S), and Phosphorus (P) - are also very important in specific types of organic molecules |
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Term
| An enormous variety of organic molecules is possible, because carbon is able to? |
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Definition
1. bond at 4 different places
2. Form long chains and rings
3. Combine with many other kinds of atoms |
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Term
| The types of atoms in the molecule are important in what? |
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Definition
| determining the properties of the molecule |
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Term
| Why is the 3 dimensional arrangement of the atoms important? |
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Definition
| because most molecules are small and involve few atoms, a group of atoms can be usually arranged in only 1 way to form a molecule |
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Term
| What is an Emperical Formula? |
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Definition
the formula that simple indicates the number of each kind of atom within the molecule
EXAMPLE: C2H6O
Both the dimethyl ether and the Ethyul alcohol contain
2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom, but they are quite different in their arrangement of the atoms in the chemical properties of the atom.
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Term
| What is a Structural Formula |
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Definition
| The arrangement of the atoms and their bonding within the molecule are indicated in a structural formula. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that have the same empirical formula but different structural formulas |
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Term
| What is a carbon skeleton? |
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Definition
| at the core of all organic molecules, which is composed of rings or chains (sometimes branched) of carbon |
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Term
| The carbon skeleton determines what? |
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Definition
| the overall shape of the molecule |
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Term
| 3 factors that differ among various kinds of organic molecules? |
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Definition
1. the length and arrangement of the carbon skeleton
2. the kinds and location of the atoms attached to it
3. the way these attached atoms are combined
These specific combinations of atoms are called FUNCTIONAL GROUPS and are found frequently in organic molecules |
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Term
| The kind of functional groups attached to a Carbon skeleton determine what? |
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Definition
| the specific chemical properties of that molecule |
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Term
| name some of the functional groups important in biological activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are macro-molecules (macro= large) |
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Definition
Very large organic molecules
[image] |
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Term
| 4 important Macro-molecules |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids |
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Term
| Carbohydrates, proteins, and Nucleic acids are all called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Polymers (poly = many mer = segments) |
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Definition
combinations of many smaller, similar building blocks called Monomers.
a polymer is similar to a pearl necklace or a boats anchor chain
All polymers are constructed of similar segments like pearls or links that are hooked together to form 1 large product ( necklace or anchor chain) |
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Term
What are Monomers (Mono = single)
Monomers in a Polymer are usually combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction (de=remove, hydro=water; synthesis=combine) |
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Definition
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Term
| dehydration synthesis reaction |
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Definition
| a reaction that occurs when 2 smaller molecules come close enough to have an OH (water) removed from one and an H removed from the other. THESE ARE COMBINED TO FORM A NEW WATER MOLECULE (H2O) |
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Term
| How can use recognize a dehydration synthesis action |
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Definition
| Because the reactant side of the equation shows numerous, small molecules, where as the product side lists fewer, larger products and water. The chemical equation also indicates the removal of water. |
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Term
| What is a Dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as Hydrolysis - hydro=water, lyse=to split or break) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the process of splitting a larger organic molecule into or more component parts by adding water
Example: the digestion of food molecules in the stomach is an example of hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functional Groups that frequently attach to a carbon skeleton. |
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Definition
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Term
| Levels of chemical organization |
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Definition
Carbohydrate (i.e. cellulose)
Protein (i.e. antibodies
Nucleic acid (i.e. DNA)
↑
Macromolecule (Polymer)
↑
Small building blocks (Monomers)
↑
Molecules
↑
Atoms
↑ |
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Term
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Definition
| They are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms that are linked together to form Monomers called SIMPLE SUGARS or Monosaccharides (mono=single, saccharine=sweet, sugar) |
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Term
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Definition
1. they are an immediate source of energy(sugars)
2. provide shape to certain cells (cellulose in plant cell walls)
3. They are components of many antibiotics and coenzymes.
4. They are also an essential part of the Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA |
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Term
| The Empirical Formula for a Simple Sugar |
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Definition
it is easy to recognize, because there are equal numbers of Carbons and Oxygens and Twice as many Hydrogens. for example: C3H6O3 or C5H10O5
The ending -OSE indicates that you are dealing with a carbohydrate - simple sugars are usually described by the number of carbons in the molecule.
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Term
Simple Sugars - described by the number of carbons in the molecule
The ending -ose indicates that you are dealing with a Carbohydrate - |
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Definition
The number of carbons = the number of oxygen atoms, and that the number of Hydrogens is double that number, these names tell you the empirical formulas for the simple sugar
Triose - has 3 carbons; Pentose - has 5 carbons;
Hexose - has 6 carbons |
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Term
| Which simple sugars provide the chemical energy necessary to keep organisms alive? |
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Definition
Glucose - the most abundant simple sugar; it serves as a food and a basic building block for other carbohydrates
Fructose
Galactose |
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Term
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Definition
1. the most abundant simple sugar; it serves as a food and a basic building block for other carbohydrates.
2. Also called (Dextrose) is found in the sap of plants; in the human bloodstream called blood sugar.
3. Corn Syrup, which is often used as a sweetener, mostly glucose |
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Term
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Definition
1. the sugar that occurs in fruits (fruit sugar)
2. can be seen on food labels listed as: High Fructose Corn Syrup
3. Has the same empirical formula as glucose but they have different structural formulas (So, they are ISOMERS) |
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Term
| Honey is a mixture of what simple sugars |
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Definition
| mixture of glucose and fructose. The mixture of glucose and fructose is called INVERT SUGAR |
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Term
| When SUCROSE (table sugar) reacts with water is is called? |
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Definition
A mixture of glucose and fructose are formed when table sugar is reacted with water in the presence of an acid, a reaction that takes place in the preparation of canned fruit and candies.
The Reaction is called INVERT SUGAR |
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Term
| Why is brown sugar moister than white sugar |
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Definition
| Because Invert sugar attracts water (Hydroscopic) - that is why baked goods made with brown sugar are moist and chewy.. |
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Term
| Cells can use simple sugars as what? |
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Definition
| building blocks of other more complex molecules such the Genetic material - DNA and the important energy transfer molecule ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| simple sugars that are combined with each other form complex carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| when two simple sugars bond to each other |
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Term
what is trisaccaride
tri=3 |
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Definition
| when 3 simple sugars bond together |
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Term
What is a Polysaccaride
poly=many |
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Definition
| when 4 or more simple sugars bond together |
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Term
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Definition
white sugar
lactose (milk sugar)
maltose ( malt sugar)
* all 3 have similar properties - but maltose tastes only about 1/3 as sweet as sucrose.
and
Lactose tastes only 1/6 as sweet as sucrose |
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Term
| All Complex Carbohydrates are |
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Definition
They are all Polysaccarides
and formed by Dehydration Synthesis Reactions |
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Term
| Why is fiber important in your diet |
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Definition
| Fiber helps control weight and reduces the risk of colon cancer, controls constipation, and diarrhea |
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Term
| hydrolysis and Dehydration synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They are polymers made up of monomers known as Amino Acids |
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Term
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Definition
a short carbon skeleton that contains an amino functional group (nitrogen and 2 hydrogens) attached on one end of the skeleton and a carboxylic acid group at the other end.
In addition, the skeleton may have one or several different "Side Chains" on it. |
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