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Biology Definitions chapter 3
Biology 105 Chapters 3
58
Biology
Undergraduate 1
08/25/2014

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Term
Which chemicals do not contain Carbon Atoms?
Definition
Inorganic Molecules
Term
What are organic molecules
Definition
molecules that contain carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains
Term
Define organized
Definition
objects have parts that fit together in a meaningful way
Term
Define Organisms
Definition
Living things that are organized,
Term
What are Unique Synthetic Molecules
Definition
Modern Chemistry has manufactured unique organic molecules that cannot be produced by living things: such as Nylon, aspirin, plexiglas, food wrap and insecticides
- they have been invented by organic chemists
Term
original Natural molecules have been altered by chemists- to produce organic molecules more efficiently such as?
Definition
rubber, certain vitamins, insulin, alcohol and penicillin
Term
The carbon atom is the central atom in all of what?
Definition
organic molecules
Term
how is carbon unique
Definition
It can combine with other carbon atoms to form long chains - and in many cases, the ends of these chains may join together to form rings
Term
Carbon atoms characterisics
Definition
1. usually involved in covalent Bonds
2. bonding sites are located at equal distance from one another, because the 4 outer most electrons do not stay in the standard positions
3. They distribute themselves differently, enabling them to be as far apart as possible
4. It has 4 places it can bond - the carbon atom can combine with 4 other atoms by forming 4 separate, (single covalent bonds) with other atoms.
Term
Can some atoms be bonded to a single atom more than once?
Definition
Yes, this results in a slightly different arrangement of bonds around a carbon atom (because carbon atoms have 4 places it can bond with up to 4 different atoms)
Term
What is a double covalent bond?
Definition
Two covalent bonds formed between 2 atoms that share 2 pairs of electrons

Example: common between oxygen and carbon atoms
Term
What is covalent bond
Definition
Term
What are triple covalent bonds?
Definition
Some organic molecules can form these - in which they share 3 pairs of atoms
Term
What are commonly found atoms of an organic molecule?
Definition
Hydorgen (H) and Oxygen (O) are almost always present

Nitrogen (N), Sulfer(S), and Phosphorus (P) - are also very important in specific types of organic molecules
Term
An enormous variety of organic molecules is possible, because carbon is able to?
Definition
1. bond at 4 different places
2. Form long chains and rings
3. Combine with many other kinds of atoms
Term
The types of atoms in the molecule are important in what?
Definition
determining the properties of the molecule
Term
Why is the 3 dimensional arrangement of the atoms important?
Definition
because most molecules are small and involve few atoms, a group of atoms can be usually arranged in only 1 way to form a molecule
Term
What is an Emperical Formula?
Definition

the formula that simple indicates the number of each kind of atom within the molecule

 

EXAMPLE:  C2H6

Both the dimethyl ether and the Ethyul alcohol contain

2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom, but they are quite different in their arrangement of the atoms in the chemical properties of the atom.

 

Term
What is a Structural Formula
Definition
The arrangement of the atoms and their bonding within the molecule are indicated in a structural formula.
Term
Define Isomers?
Definition
Molecules that have the same empirical formula but different structural formulas
Term
What is a carbon skeleton?
Definition
at the core of all organic molecules, which is composed of rings or chains (sometimes branched) of carbon
Term
The carbon skeleton determines what?
Definition
the overall shape of the molecule
Term
3 factors that differ among various kinds of organic molecules?
Definition
1. the length and arrangement of the carbon skeleton
2. the kinds and location of the atoms attached to it
3. the way these attached atoms are combined

These specific combinations of atoms are called FUNCTIONAL GROUPS and are found frequently in organic molecules
Term
The kind of functional groups attached to a Carbon skeleton determine what?
Definition
the specific chemical properties of that molecule
Term
name some of the functional groups important in biological activity?
Definition
Term
What are macro-molecules (macro= large)
Definition

Very large organic molecules

[image]

Term
4 important Macro-molecules
Definition
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Term
Carbohydrates, proteins, and Nucleic acids are all called?
Definition
Polymers
Term
Define Polymers (poly = many mer = segments)
Definition
combinations of many smaller, similar building blocks called Monomers.
a polymer is similar to a pearl necklace or a boats anchor chain

All polymers are constructed of similar segments like pearls or links that are hooked together to form 1 large product ( necklace or anchor chain)
Term

What are Monomers (Mono = single)

 Monomers in a Polymer are usually combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction (de=remove, hydro=water; synthesis=combine)

Definition
[image][image]
Term
dehydration synthesis reaction
Definition
a reaction that occurs when 2 smaller molecules come close enough to have an OH (water) removed from one and an H removed from the other. THESE ARE COMBINED TO FORM A NEW WATER MOLECULE (H2O)
Term
How can use recognize a dehydration synthesis action
Definition
Because the reactant side of the equation shows numerous, small molecules, where as the product side lists fewer, larger products and water. The chemical equation also indicates the removal of water.
Term
What is a Dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as Hydrolysis - hydro=water, lyse=to split or break)
Definition
Term
What is Hydrolysis
Definition
the process of splitting a larger organic molecule into or more component parts by adding water
Example: the digestion of food molecules in the stomach is an example of hydrolysis
Term
Functional Groups
Definition
[image]
Term
Functional Groups that frequently attach to a carbon skeleton.
Definition
[image]
Term
Levels of chemical organization
Definition

Carbohydrate (i.e. cellulose)

Protein (i.e. antibodies

Nucleic acid (i.e. DNA)

Macromolecule (Polymer)

Small building blocks (Monomers)

Molecules

Atoms

 

 

Term
What are Carbohydrates?
Definition
They are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms that are linked together to form Monomers called SIMPLE SUGARS or Monosaccharides (mono=single, saccharine=sweet, sugar)
Term
roles of Carbohydrates
Definition
1. they are an immediate source of energy(sugars)
2. provide shape to certain cells (cellulose in plant cell walls)
3. They are components of many antibiotics and coenzymes.
4. They are also an essential part of the Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA
Term
The Empirical Formula for a Simple Sugar
Definition

it is easy to recognize, because there are equal numbers of Carbons and Oxygens and Twice as many Hydrogens. for example: C3H6O  or   C5H10O5

 

The ending  -OSE   indicates that you are dealing with a carbohydrate - simple sugars are usually described by the number of carbons in the molecule.



Term

Simple Sugars - described by the number of carbons in the molecule

The ending -ose indicates that you are dealing with a Carbohydrate -

Definition

The number of carbons = the number of oxygen atoms, and that the number of Hydrogens is double that number, these names tell you the empirical formulas for the simple sugar

 

Triose - has 3 carbons; Pentose - has 5 carbons;

Hexose - has 6 carbons

Term
Which simple sugars provide the chemical energy necessary to keep organisms alive?
Definition

Glucose - the most abundant simple sugar; it serves as a food and a basic building block for other carbohydrates


Fructose 

Galactose 

Term
Glucose (simple sugar)
Definition
1. the most abundant simple sugar; it serves as a food and a basic building block for other carbohydrates.
2. Also called (Dextrose) is found in the sap of plants; in the human bloodstream called blood sugar.
3. Corn Syrup, which is often used as a sweetener, mostly glucose
Term
Fructose (simple sugar)
Definition
1. the sugar that occurs in fruits (fruit sugar)
2. can be seen on food labels listed as: High Fructose Corn Syrup
3. Has the same empirical formula as glucose but they have different structural formulas (So, they are ISOMERS)
Term
Honey is a mixture of what simple sugars
Definition
mixture of glucose and fructose. The mixture of glucose and fructose is called INVERT SUGAR
Term
When SUCROSE (table sugar) reacts with water is is called?
Definition
A mixture of glucose and fructose are formed when table sugar is reacted with water in the presence of an acid, a reaction that takes place in the preparation of canned fruit and candies.

The Reaction is called INVERT SUGAR
Term
Why is brown sugar moister than white sugar
Definition
Because Invert sugar attracts water (Hydroscopic) - that is why baked goods made with brown sugar are moist and chewy..
Term
Cells can use simple sugars as what?
Definition
building blocks of other more complex molecules such the Genetic material - DNA and the important energy transfer molecule ATP
Term
Complex Carbohydrates
Definition
simple sugars that are combined with each other form complex carbohydrates
Term
what is Disaccharide
di=2
Definition
when two simple sugars bond to each other
Term
what is trisaccaride
tri=3
Definition
when 3 simple sugars bond together
Term
What is a Polysaccaride
poly=many
Definition
when 4 or more simple sugars bond together
Term
common disaccarides
Definition
white sugar
lactose (milk sugar)
maltose ( malt sugar)

* all 3 have similar properties - but maltose tastes only about 1/3 as sweet as sucrose.
and
Lactose tastes only 1/6 as sweet as sucrose
Term
All Complex Carbohydrates are
Definition
They are all Polysaccarides
and formed by Dehydration Synthesis Reactions
Term
Why is fiber important in your diet
Definition
Fiber helps control weight and reduces the risk of colon cancer, controls constipation, and diarrhea
Term
hydrolysis and Dehydration synthesis
Definition
[image]
Term
what are Proteins
Definition
They are polymers made up of monomers known as Amino Acids
Term
What is an Amino Acid
Definition
a short carbon skeleton that contains an amino functional group (nitrogen and 2 hydrogens) attached on one end of the skeleton and a carboxylic acid group at the other end.
In addition, the skeleton may have one or several different "Side Chains" on it.
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