Term
|
Definition
| the overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stretch of nucleotides where the transcription enzyme, RNA polymerase attaches to initiate transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a DNA segment between the promoter and the enzyme genes. It acts like a switch and determines if the RNA polymerase can attach to the promoter and start transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this cluster of genes with related functions along with promoter and operator only occurs in prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein that binds to the operator and physically blocks the attachment of the RNA polymerase to the promoter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located outside the operon and it codes for the repressor. The regulatory gene is continually expressed, so the cell always has a small supply of repressor molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that turn operons on by binding to DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after transcription the removal of noncoding segments called introns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| master control genes that determine the anatomy of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete hormones diretly into the ciculatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have receptors for response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not have receptors for response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed when pieces of DNA from two different sources are combined to form a single DNA molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are bacterial enzymes that normally help protect bacteria from intruding DNA from phages. Can be used to cut DNA in reproducible ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the analysis of DNA fragments to determine whether they come from a particular individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequences in the genome that vary from person to person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the proteins produced by a genome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complete haploid set of an organism's genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the set of rules giving the correspondence between nucleotide triplets in mRNA and amino acids in protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic make up of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science that compares genomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleic acid wrapped in a coat of protein and sometimes ahving a membranous envelope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA and RNA; polymers that serve as blue prints for proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monomers that make up nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each gene has a unique order of nucleotides and they can vary in countless ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretches of a DNA molecule that programs amino acid sequences of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of the information in RNA to a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic language is written as a series of 3 base words called Codons which can be translated into amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this shared genetic vocabulary is a reminder of the kinship that connects all life on earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by errors in DNA replication or recombination or by mutagens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| true breeding parental plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PxP=F1: their hybrid offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a heritable feature that varies among individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each variant of a character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative forms of genes that account for variations in inherited characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two identical alleles for a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two different alleles for a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because allele pairs separate form each other during the production of gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism's expressed or physical traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism's genetic traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dominant allele has the same phenotypic affect regardless of whether it is present in one or two carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| F1 hybrids have phenotype in between the two phenotypes of the parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single gene affects many phenotypic characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visble during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a diffuse mass of long, thin fibers made up of DNA and protein molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertilization of sperm and egg produces offspring; unique combination of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offspring are produced by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg; genetically identical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important in the movement of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis; formed of microtubules |
|
|
Term
| cell cycle control system |
|
Definition
| a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both trigger and coordinate events |
|
|
Term
| checkpoint in a cell cycle |
|
Definition
| a critical control point where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormally growing mass of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal cells remain at the original site; often can be completely removed by sx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer cells separate from the original tumor or secrete signal molecules that cause blood vessels to grow toard the tumor. a few tumor cells then move into the blood stream or lymphatic system and move to different areas of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes, each composed of 2 sister chromatids come together as pairs to form a tetrad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange segments |
|
|
