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Biology Concepts - Chapters 1 - 4
Matthew Doeringsfeld Biology Class TEST 1
179
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

We are living in a _____ age of biology.

 

Biology provides exciting breakthroughs changing our ________.

 

Molecular biology - solving ____ and revealing _____.

Ecology helps us address _______ issues.

Neuroscience and evolutionary biology are reshaping _____ and ______.

Definition

Golden Age

 

Culture

 

Molecular - solving crimes and revealing ancestries

Ecology - enviromental issues

Neuroscience and Evolutionary - reshaping psychology and sociology.

Term

 

Biology

Definition
The scientific study of life
Term

Characteristics of living organisms ("LIFE")

O.R.GD.EU.RtE.R.E.

Definition

Order

Regulation

Growth & Development

Energy Utilization

Response to Environment

Reproduction

Evolution

Term

10 Hierarchial Levels of organization

(small to large)

MA.O.C.T.OSO.O.P.C.E.B.

Definition

1. Molecules and Atoms

2. Organelles

3. Cells

4. Tissues

5. Organ Systems and Organs

6. Organisms

7. Populations

8. Communities

9. Ecosystems

10. Biosphere

Term
Ecosystem
Definition
Interaction between organisms and their environment take place within here.
Term

 

The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two main processes:

Definition

1. Cycling of Nutrients

2. Flow of Energy

Term

The Cell Theory

 (def.)

Definition
All organisms are composed of cells.
Term

The Cell

(def.)

Definition
The lowest level structure that can perform all activities required for life.
Term

2 major types of cells

(names)

Definition

1. Prokaryotic

2. Eukaryotic

Term

Prokaryotic Cells

(characteristics vs. Eukaryotic)

Definition
  • smaller
  • simpler structure
  • no organelles or nucleus
  • DNA concentrated in nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by membrane

 

Term

Eukaryotic Cells

(characteristics vs. prokaryotic)

Definition
  • larger
  • more complex
  • contains many types of organelles
  • nucleus enclosed by membrane
Term

Prokaryotic Cells

(Domains)

Definition
Bacteria & Archaea
Term

Eukaryotic Cells

(Domains)

Definition

Eukarya

(all other kingdoms of living organisms)

Term
Genes
Definition
  • units of inheritance
  • Transmitted from parents to offspring
  • all cells use DNA as the chemical material of these
Term
The "language" of DNA
Definition

A, G, C, T

(All Together, Get Close)

Term
Genome
Definition
Full set of genetic instructions an organism inherits
Term

Diversity (of life)

(# of species known and unknown)

Definition

is the hallmark of life

known life - 1.8 million species

total - range from 10 million to over 100 million species

 

Term

Taxonomy

(def. and use)

Definition

*Systematic naming and classification species

It formalizes the hierarchial ordering or organisms.

Term
Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya
Definition

Kingdom Plantae - Plants

Kingdom Fungi - Fungus

Kingdom Animalia - Animals

Protists - Multiple Kingdoms

Term

NOTE

Each species is one twig of a brnaching tree of life extending back over 3 billion years.

Definition
Term
The evolutionary view of life came into focus in 1859 when _____
Definition
Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species
Term
Darwin's book developed 2 main points:
Definition

- Descent with modification

- Natural Selection

Term

Darwin's Inescapable Conclusion

 

(observations)

Definition

Observation 1: Overproduction and competition

Observation 2: Individual Variation

Conclusion: Unequal Reproductive Success

- called it natural selection

Term

Natural Selection

 (about it)

Definition
  • The unequal reproductive success (his conclusion)
  • the product of this is adaptation
  • is the mechanism of evolution
Term
Darwin knew ______ of DNA, genes, mutation, inheritance, etc!!
Definition
nothing
Term

Artifical Selection

(def. & who does it)

Definition

*The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans

-Humans do the selection istead of the environment

Term

Examples of natual selection in action:

(finches & bacteria)

Definition

-Galapagos finches change beak size depending upon the size and shape of available seeds.

- Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have evolved in response to the overuse of antibiotics

Term

Evolution

(no def.)

Definition

-The unifying theme of biology

- One of biology's best demonstrated, most comprehensive, and longest lasting theories

Term

Discovery Science

(def. & does)

Definition

Data from verifiable observations and measurements

-describes life at its many levels

- conclusions based on logic called inductive reasoninge.

Term

Inductive Conclusion

(def.)

Definition
A generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations.
Term

Hypothesis-driven science

(focus on & uses)

Definition
  • experimental testing of an obeserved biologic phenomenon.
  • use of scientific method
  • deduction reasoning, flows from general to specific
  • - "If ... then ... " logic
Term

Hypothesis

(def.)

Definition
Proposed explanation for observations
Term
Scientific Method 5 Steps
Definition

1. Observation

2. Question

3. Hypothesis <-----l

4. Prediction <-------l

5.Experiment -> --- ^

                                                         revise and repeat

Term

Theory

(vs. hypothesis, not def.)

Definition
  • much broader in scope than a hypothesis
  • Theories only become widely accpeted if they are supported by an accumulation of exensive and varied evidence
Term

NOTE

  • Evolution of anitbiotic-resistant bacteris = huge problem
  • Antibotics are being used more selectively
  • Many farmers are reducing the use of antibiotics in animal feed.
Definition
Term

Matter

(def. & composed & 3 physical states)

Definition

*Anything that occupies space and has mass

*Composed of chemical elements

 

- Solid

-Liquid

-Gas

Term

Elements

(def. & #)

Definition

Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances.

92 naturally occuring elements on earth.

25 elements essential to life.

Term
96% of the weight of the human body is:
Definition

- Oxygen  65%

- Carbon   18.5%

- Hydrogen  9.5%

- Nitrogen  3.3%

Term

Trace Elements

(characteristics & ex.)

Definition

Occur in smaller amounts

are esential for life

many are necassary for enzyme function

(ex. IODINE - deficiency causes goiter)

Term

Compounds / Molecules

(def. & commons)

Definition

Substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

common compounds include:

- NaCl (table salt)

- H2O (water)

Term

Atom

(def. & note)

Definition

Smallest unit of matter that still remains the properties of an element.

- Each element consists of one kind of atom.

Term

Structure of atoms

(composed & parts)

Definition

composed of subatomic particles

- Proton - positively charged (+)

- Neutron - electrically Neutral

- Electron - negatively charges (-)

Term
Subatomic particles locations
Definition

Protons and neutrons = IN nucleus

Electrons = orbit AROUND nucleus

-- nucleus is the atom's central core

Term
Atomic Number
Definition

- Number of PROTONS

- determines which element it is

Term
Mass Number
Definition
Sum of the number of protons and neutrons
Term
Mass
Definition
a measure of the amount of matter in an object
Term

NOTE

protons

ELEMENT

mass number

 

6

C

12

Definition
Term
Isotopes
Definition

- alternate mass forms of an element

- the same number of protons and electrons, but different number of neutrons.

Term

Radioactive Isotopes

(def & uses)

Definition

*

- to determine the fate of atoms in lovong organisms

- in PET scans to diagnose heart disorders and some cancers

Term

Electrons

(characteristics/Facts)

Definition

- determine how an atom behaves when it encounters other atoms.

- orbit the nucleus of an atom in specific electron shells

- farther from the nucleus, greater its energy

- the number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the chemical properties of an atom.

Term

First electron shell holds ___ electrons

Outer electron shell holds ___ electrons

Definition

2

8

Term

Chemical reactions

(atom & electron)

Definition

Enable atoms to give up or acquire electrons to complete their outer shells

Usually result in atoms:

-staying close together

- being held together by chemical bonds

Term
Ionic Bonds
Definition

- when an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes electrically charged.

- formed between oppositely charged ions

Term
Ions
Definition
charged atoms
Term

Covalent Bond

(how it forms & amount can form)

Definition

- forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons

- the number of bonds an atom can form is equal to the number of additional electrons needed to fill its outer shell

Term
Molecule
Definition
atoms held together by covalent bonds
Term

Single Bond

Double Bond

Definition

single bond = a single pair of shared electrons

double bond = two pairs of shared electrons

Term
Polar Molecule
Definition

one with opposite charges on opposite ends

(ex. water)

Term

NOTE

water is a compound in which the electrons in its covalent bonds are shared unequally

Definition
Term

Hydrogen Bonds

(def. & is)

Definition

- interactions when the polarity of water results in weak electrical attractions between neighboring water molecules.

- basically a proton

Term

Chemical Reactions

(def. & include & can/cant)

Definition

- changes in the chemical composition of matter

- cells constantly rearrange molecules by breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones

- include reactants & products

- can rearrange matter but cannot create or destroy matter

Term
Reactants vs. Products
Definition

Reactants = starting materials

Products = end materials

Term

Cells composed of ___% - __% of water

The abundance of water is a major reason ____ __ ____

Definition

70% - 95%

Earth is habitable

Term

The ____ of water molecules and the ___ ___ that results explain most of water's life-supporting properties.

(4 properties)

Definition

polarity & hydrogen bonding

- water molecules stick together

- water has strong resistance to chang in temp.

- frozen water floats

- water is a common solvent for life

Term

Cohesion

(def. & vital for)

Definition

Water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding.

- vital for water transport in plants

Term
Surface Tension
Definition

The measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

- makes it so spiders can walk on water

Term
Hydrogen Bonding & Water
Definition

- give water an unusually high surface tension.

- strong resistance to temperature change.

Term

Heat

(def. & water)

Definition

The amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter.

 

- water can absorb ans store large amounts of heat while only changing a few degrees in temperature.

Term

Temperature

(def. & water)

Definition

measures the intensity of heat

- water can absorb and store large amounts of heat while only changing a few degrees in temperature.

Term
WATER to ICE & ICE Floating
Definition

- water molecules get cold enough, they move apart, forming ice

- a chunk of ice fewer molecules than an equal volume of liquid water.

- Ice floats because it is less dense than the liquid water around it.

- If ice didn't float bodies of water would freeze solid

- life in water couldnt survive in bodies of water froze solid.

Term

Solution

(def.  & 2 parts)

Definition

a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

- solvent & solute

Term

Solvent

(def.)

Definition
The dissolving agent of a solution
Term

Solute

(def.)

Definition
the dissolved substance of a solution
Term

Aqueous Solution

(def.)

Definition
When the water is the solvent
Term
2 molecules (ions) that make up water molecules
Definition
hydrogen ions (H+) and Hydroxide Ions (OH-)
Term
Acid Solution / acidic
Definition

A chemical compound the RELEASES H+ to a solution

pH < 7

Term
Base Solution / Akaline or Basic
Definition

A compound that ACCEPTS H+ and removes it from the solution

pH > 7

Term

pH Scale

(def. & scale)

Definition

describes the acidity of a solution

Akaline / Basic = pH >7

Pure water = pH of 7

Acidic = pH < 7

increase basic = lower H+ concentration

increase acidic = greater H+ concentration

(basic - cleaners; acidic - citrus juice)

Term

Buffers

(def. & ions)

Definition

Substances that resist pH change

-Accept H+ ions when excess

-Donate H+ ions when depleated

Term

Proton

(charge, determines)

Definition

positive charge

determines element

Term

Neutron

(charge, determines)

Definition

No Charge / Neutral

Determines isotope

Term

Electron

(charge, participates,determine)

Definition

Negative Charge

Participates in chemical reactions

outer-shell electrons determine chemical behavior

Term

Nucleus

(consists of)

Definition
Consists of neutrons and protons
Term
ionic compound/bond
Definition
attraction between oppositely charged ions holds the ions in an ionic bond
Term

cell is mostly ____.

The rest of the cell consists mainly of __-__ molecules

Definition

water

carbon-based molecules

Term
carbon forms __, __, and __ molecules necessary for life's functions.
Definition
large, complex, and diverse molecules
Term
Organic Compounds
Definition
carbon-based molecules
Term
Carbon is a versatile atom
Definition

- 4 electrons in outer shell

- up to four covalent bonds

- attach to other carbons

-form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons

Term

hydrocarbons

(def. & uses)

Definition

the simplest organic compound

- organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

- larger ones form fuels for engines

- hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.

 

Term
Methane
Definition

-simplest hydrocarbon

-consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.

Term

NOTE

Organic molecules have unique 3D shapes

shapes relate to their functions

Definition
Term

Properties of an organic compound depend on:

(2 things)

Definition

- Carbon skeleton

- Atoms attached to the skeleton

Term

Functional Groups

(def. & 2 ex.)

Definition

groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions

2 common examples:

- Hydroxyl groups (-OH)

- Carboxyl groups (C=O)

Term

Four categories of large organic molecules

- 3 are macromolecules

Definition

- Carbs (macro)

- Proteins (macro)

- Nucleic Acids (macro)

- Lipids

Term

macromolecules are polymers!

Polymers

(made by)

Definition
made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers.
Term

Dehydration Reaction / Synthesis

(what happens)

 

Definition

- links 2 monomers together

- removes a molecule of water

Term

Hydrolysis

(what happens)

Definition

- breaks bonds between monomers

- adds a molecule of water

* Reverses the dehydration reaction

Term
Carbohydrates
Definition

Sugars or sugar polymers

 

Term
simple sugar
Definition

small sugar molecules

-soft drinks & other sweet foods

Term
complex carbohydrates
Definition

long starch molecules

- pasta & potatoes

Term
monosaccharides
Definition

simple sugars

cant be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars

- glucose in sports drinks

- fructose found in fruit

- main fuels for celluar work

- in aqueous solutions, form rings

Term
isomers
Definition

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

- glucose & fructose

C6H12O6

Term
Disaccharide
Definition

- a double sugar

- constructed from two monosaccharides

- formed by a dehydration reaction

 

*Lactose in milk (glucose = galactose)

*Malted Milk Shakes (glucose = glucose)

* Sucrose in table sugar ( glucose = fructose)

Term

NOTE

high-fructose corn syrup instead of sucrose

sucrose: rarely used in processed foods

Definition
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition

-complex carbohydrates

- made of long chains of sugar units and polymers of monosaccharides.

Term
Starch
Definition

- used by plant cells to store energy

- Potatoes and grains

Term
Glycogen
Definition

- Used by animal cells to store energy

- converted to gulcose when it is needed

Term
Cellulose
Definition

- Most abundant organic compound on earth

- forms cable-like fibrils in tough plant cell walls

- cannot be broken apart by most animals

Term
Hydophilic
Definition

water-loving

adhering water to their surface

Term

Which do / dont dissolve readily in water?

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Cellulose

Definition

Mono & disaccharides = DO

Cellulose = Dont

Term
Lipids
Definition

not macromolecules nor polymers

Hyrophobic

2 major classes:

1. fats

2. steriods

Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
unable to mix with water
Term

Fats (triglyceride)

(consist of)

Definition
Consist of a glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid molecules via a dehydration reaction.
Term
Unsaturated vs. Saturated
Definition

carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has:

unsaturated: fewer than max # of hydrogens

saturated: max # of hydrogens

-saturated: no double bonds

Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
condition in which lipid-containing plaques build up within the walls of blood vessels
Term
plant vs. animal fats
Definition

plant: low in saturated, liquid @ room temp

Animal: high saturated, solid @ room temp, atherosclerosis

Term
Hydrogenation
Definition

- adds hydrogen

- converts unsaturated to saturated

- makes liquid fats solid @ room temp

- creats trans fat

Term
trans fat
Definition
a type of unsaturated fat that is even less heathly than saturated fats
Term
Steroids
Definition

very different from fats in structure and function

- carbon skeleton is bent to form four used rings

-vary by functional groups attached to core set of rings

Term
Cholesterol
Definition

- a key component of cell membrane

- the "base steroid" for other steroids (estrogen & testosterone)

Term
proteins
Definition

- polymers of amino acid monomers

- perform most tasks the body needs to function

- form enzymes, chemicals that change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process

Term
Amino Acids
Definition

- central carbon atom

- 3 of attachment groups common to all amino acids

- unique side group

Term

NOTE

ALL proteins are constructed from a common set of 20 kinds of amino acids.

Definition
Term
Peptide Bonds
Definition
Cells link amino acids together by dehydration reactions.
Term
Polypeptides
Definition

Creating long chains of amino acids

(long chains of peptide bonds)

Term
Primary Structure
Definition

The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein

- a slight change in this affects its ability to function

Term

NOTE

completed polypeptide form proteins,

which differ in their arrangement of amino acids

Definition
Term
substitution of one amino acid another in hemoglobin causes ___-___ disease.
Definition
sickle-cell
Term

proteins consisting of:

one peptide -

more than one peptide-

Definition

1- have 3 levels of structure, tertiary structure

more than 1- have a fourth, quanternary structure

 

A proteins shape enables the protein to carry out its specific function in a cell

Term

what determines a proteins shape?

(3 things)

Definition

-the environment

-unfavorable temperatures (above 104)

- pH changes

*cause a protein to denture

Term
Denture
Definition
when a proteins unravels and lose its shape
Term
misfolded proteins are associate with 3 diseases
Definition

- alzheimers

- mad cow

- parkinsons

Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition

- Macromolecules that provide the directions for building proteins

- DNA and RNA

- genetic material that organiama inherot from their parents

- polymers of nucleotides

Term
gene
Definition
a specific length of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
long fibers in cells where DNA resides
Term

NOTE

the code of DNA must be translated from "nucleic acid language" to "protein language"

Definition
Term

Nucleotide

(3 parts)

Definition

- a five-carbon sugar

- a phosphate group

- a nitrogenous base

Term
Each DNA nucleotide has 1 of the 4 following bases:
Definition

- (A) Adenine

- (G) Guanine

- (T) Thymine

- (C) Cytosine

Term
Dehydration reactions
Definition

- link nucleotide monomers into long chains called polynucleotides.

- form covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next

- form a sugar-phosphate backbone

Term
double helix
Definition
two strands of DNA joined together
Term
RNA
Definition

ribonucleic acid

-usually single stranded

- uses the sugar ribose(instead of deoxyribose)

- the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Term

molecules -> functions

(carbs, lipid, protein, nucleic acid)

Definition

Carbs - diet energy, storage, plant structure

Lipids - long-term energy storage (fats), hormones (steroids)

Protein - Enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, and others

Nucleic Acid - Information storage

Term
Protein - 4 structure levels
Definition

Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids

Secondary Structure - localized folding

Tertiary Structure - overall shape

Quaternary Structure - found in proteins with multiple polypeptides

Term
Cells were first described in ___ by ___ ___.
Definition
1665 by Robert Hooke
Term
Cell Theory
Definition

-All living things are composed of cells.

- All cells come from other cells

Term
Organisms are ... (celled)
Definition

single-celled -- prokaryoted & protists

multicelled -- plants, animals, and fungi

Term
Magnification
Definition
an increase in the specimen's apparent size
Term
Resolving Power
Definition
The ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as seperate.
Term
Light Microscope
Definition
Used to explore the structures and functions of cells.
Term

Electron Microscope (EM)

(uses & does)

Definition

Uses a beam of electrons, which results in better resolving power than the light microscope.

- magnify up to 100,000 times

- distinguish between objects 0.2 nanometers apart

Term

Scanning Electron Microscopes

(examine)

Definition
examine cell surface
Term

Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)

(use for)

Definition
use for internal details of cells
Term

2 major cell types & domains

common features for all

Definition

-Prokaryotic Cells - Bacteria & Archaea

-Eukaryotic Cells - Plants, Fungi, and Animals

* All bounded by a thin plasma membrane

* All have DNA and ribosomes

Term
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cell Ages
Definition

Prokaryotic - 3.5 billion years ago

Eukaryotic - 2.1 billion years ago

PROKARYOTIC cells are OLDER

Term

Organelles

(def.)

Definition
membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions
Term

Nucleus

(houses)

Definition
houses most of a Eukaryotic cell's DNA
Term

Cytoplasm

(def. & has)

Definition

Region between the nucleus and plasma membrane

- consists of various organelles suspended in fluid

Term

Plant Cells

 (vs. Animal Cells)

Definition

- protective cell walls

- corners not rounded cell

- has chloroplasts

Term

Chloroplasts

(does)

Definition
convert light energy to the chemical energy of food
Term

Membranes are composed mostly of:

(2 things)

Definition

- lipids

- proteins

Term

NOTE

Plasma membrane seperates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings.

Definition
Term

NOTE

The lipids belong to a special category called phospholipids.

Phospholipids form a two-layered membrane called the phospholipid bilayer

Definition
Term
Phospholipid has a ____ head and a ___ tail.
Definition

Hyrophilic Head

Hydrophobic Tail

Term
The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic:
Definition

- fluid because molecules can move freely past one another.

- mosaic because of the diversity of proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

- membrane proteins help regulate traffic across the membrane and perform other functions

Term
Plants have rigid cell walls surrounding the membrane:
Definition

- made of cellulose

- protects the cells

- maintain cell shape

- keep the cells from absorbing too much water

Term
Animal cells
Definition

- lack cell walls

- have an extracellular matrix

- surface contain cell junctions

Term
Extracellular Matrix
Definition

- helps hold cells together in tissues

- protects and supports them

Term

Cell Junctions

(def.)

Definition
Structures that connect to other cells
Term

Nuclear Envelope

(def.)

Definition
The double membrane that borders the nucleus.
Term

Nucleolus

(where, whats made)

Definition

Located in the nucleus

Where ribosomes are made

Term
Chromatin
Definition

fibers formed form DNA molecules & associated proteins

- Each chromatin fiber constitues one CHROMOSOME

Term

Ribsomes

(responsible for, formed where)

Definition

- responsible for protein synthesis

- made in nucleolus, assembled in cytoplasma

Term
slide 32
Definition
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