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| The scientific study of life |
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| An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Plants, algae, and numerous bacteria are autotrophs. |
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| An organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain. |
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| An organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2, H2O, and other inorganic raw materials; a plant alga, or autotrophic prokaryote. |
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| A group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. |
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| An assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area. |
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| A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area. |
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| All the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment. |
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| The disposal of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes. |
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| Combination or composition of two or more things. |
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| The adaption of form or behaviour of an organism to changed conditions. |
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| The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth. |
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| The organ system involved in ingestion and digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. |
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| The creation of new individuals from existing ones. |
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| The organ system that transports materials such as nutrients, O2, and hormones to body cells and transports CO2 and other wastes from body cells. |
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| The organ system that forms a communication and coordination network between all parts of the animal's body. |
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| The body organ system responsible for reproduction. |
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| A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. |
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| The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms |
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| One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Archaea. |
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| One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria |
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| In classification, the taxonomic category above family. |
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| An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. |
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| The steady state of body functioning; as state of equilibrium characterized by a dynamic interplay between outside forces that tend to change an organism's internal environment and the internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes. |
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| Potential Hydrogen; the concentration of hydrogen ions (H). |
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| Chemical compounds that contribute H+ to a solution. Less than 7 on the pH scale; |
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| Hydrichloric Acid (HCI) in the stomach. |
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| A compound that accepts hydrogen ions & removes them from a solution. Donates OH. Higher than 7 on a scale. |
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| Link to glycerol by dehydration reaction, a fat contains one glycerol and three fatty acids. |
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| component of the major classes of biological lipids, triglycerides and phosphatidyl phospholipids. |
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| Functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
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| Hydrophobic compounds that are important in energy storage. Contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide. |
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| As sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction. |
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| A storage polysaccharide composed of glucose which is hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is needed (mostly found in liver and muscle cells). |
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| A chemical process in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. Also called condensation. |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Active Site of Enzyme Action |
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| Conditions Under Which Enzymes Work Best |
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| Anaerobic Respiration Bacteria |
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| Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Plants |
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| A specialized epidermal cell in plants that regulates the size of a stoma, allowing gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells in the leaf. |
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| An outgrowth of an epidermal cell on a root, which increases the root's absorptive surface area. |
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| The portion of a plants vascular tissue system that conveys phloem sap throughout a plant. Phloem tissue is made up of sieve-tube members. |
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| The nonliving portion of a plants vascular system that provides support and conveys xylem sap from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylem is made up of vessel elements and/or tracheids, water-conducting cells. Primary xylem is derived from the procambium. Secondary xylem is derived from the vascular cambium in plants exhibiting secondary growth. |
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| Artificial Vegetative Propagation |
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| Production of a new plant from a portion of another plant, such as a stem or branch. |
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| A type of Artificial Vegetative Propagation; A leaf section is cut out, pinned down to a rooting medium and left to grow new roots and ultimately a new plant. |
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| A type of Artificial Vegetative Propagation; part of a root of a woody plant which, under suitable conditions, takes root and forms a new plant. |
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| A horizontal stem; also called a stolon |
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| The creation of offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg. |
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| A means of asexual reproduction whereby a new individual developed from an outgrowth of a parent splits off and lives independently. |
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| A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two individuals of about equal size. |
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| A flowering plant whose embryos have a single seed leaf, or cotyledon. |
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| A naked-seed plant. Its seed is said to be naked because it is not enclosed in an ovary. |
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| A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. |
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| A pouch-like organ in a digestive tract that grinds and churns food and may store it temporarily. |
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| The mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach. |
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| An open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal. |
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| (plural, villi) (1) A fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine. (2) A fingerlike projection of the chorion of the mammalian placenta. Large numbers of villi increase the surface areas of these organs. |
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| Colon; the tubular portion of the vertebrate alimentary tract between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces. |
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| A pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols. |
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| An enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars. |
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| The chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides. |
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| A mixture of substances that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; it emulsifies fats and aids in their digestion. |
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| Infrequent or difficult evacuation of the faeces. |
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| A condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form due to the colon not absorbing water efficiently. |
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| The longest section of the alimentary canal. It is the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients. |
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| A gland with dual functions: The digestive portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct. The endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood. |
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| Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles. Peristalsis propels food through a digestive tract and also enables many animals, such as earthworms, to crawl. |
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| A pouch-like organ in a digestive tract that grinds and churns food and may store it temporarily. |
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| Glands associated with the oral cavity that secrete substances to lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion. |
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| The largest organ in the vertebrate body. The liver performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, preparing nitrogenous wastes for disposal, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood. |
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| The opening through which undigested materials are expelled. |
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| The terminal portion of the large intestine where the feces are stored until they are eliminated. |
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| The part of the central nervous system involved in regulating and controlling bodily activity and interpreting information from the senses transmitted through the nervous system. |
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| The voice box, containing the vocal cords. |
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| One of millions of tiny dead-end sacs within the vertebrate lungs where gas exchange occurs. |
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| An infolded respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes. |
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| Moisten and filter air for respiration |
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| Cilia line the pharynx, and mucus keeps respiratory surfaces moist |
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| The sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals. Its contraction expands the chest cavity, and its relaxation reduces it. |
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| One of a pair of bands of elastic tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds. |
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| Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection. |
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| A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. |
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| a form of bronchitis characterized by excess production of sputum leading to a chronic cough and obstruction of air flow |
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| A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. It usually results from an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity. |
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| Firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx, in the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints. |
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| One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs. |
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| The exchange of O_2 and CO_2 between an organism and its environment. An aerobic organism takes up O_2 and gives off CO_2. |
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| Closed Circulatory System |
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| A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid. |
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| A circulatory system in which blood is pumped through open-ended vessels and bathes the tissues and organs directly. In an animal with an open circulatory system, blood and interstitial fluid are one and the same. |
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| One of two main blood circuits in terrestrial vertebrates; conveys blood between the heart and the lungs. See also systemic circuit. |
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| The vertebrate organ system through which lymph circulates; includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and the spleen. The lymphatic system helps remove toxins and pathogens from the blood and interstitial fluid and returns fluid and solutes from the interstitial fluid to the circulatory system. |
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| One of two main blood circuits in terrestrial vertebrates; conveys blood between the heart and the rest of the body. |
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| The renal circulation receives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches from the abdominal aorta and returns blood to the ascending vena cava. It is the blood supply to the kidney, and contains many specialized blood vessels. |
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| An artery that conveys blood directly from the left ventricle of the heart to other arteries. |
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| Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the aorta. The aorta carries and distributes oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. |
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| Receives blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vena cava returns de-oxygenated blood from the head, neck, arm and chest regions of the body to the right atrium. The inferior vena cava returns de-oxygenated blood from the lower body regions (legs, back, abdomen and pelvis) to the right atrium. |
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| transports blood from the heart to the lungs. |
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| Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle. |
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| Prevent backwards flow of blood |
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| The contraction stage of the heart cycle, when the heart chambers actively pump blood. |
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| The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood. |
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| The damage or death of cardiac muscle cells and the resulting failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body. |
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| A microscopic blood vessel that conveys blood between an arteriole and a venule; enables the exchange of nutrients and dissolved gases between the blood and interstitial fluid. |
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| A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body. |
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| In animals, a vessel that returns blood to the heart. (2) In plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf, composed of xylem and phloem. |
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| A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein. |
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| A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed. |
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| Abnormally high blood pressure; a persistent blood pressure above 140/90. |
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| The liquid matrix of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended. |
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| A blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports O_2. Also called red blood cell. |
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| A pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of a bone marrow cell; platelets circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting. |
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| has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) |
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| has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) |
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| has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma) |
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| has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma) |
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| An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds O_2 and transports it to body tissues. |
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| A type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes. |
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| An aqueous solution that surrounds body cells and through which materials pass back and forth between the blood and the body tissues. |
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| A foreign (nonself) molecule that elicits an acquired immune response. |
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| A chemical alarm signal released by injured cells of vertebrates that causes blood vessels to dilate during an inflammatory response. |
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| A disorder of the immune system caused by an abnormal sensitivity to an antigen. Symptoms are triggered by histamines released from mast cells. |
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| Waste containing Nitrogen (N) |
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| A soluble form of nitrogenous waste excreted by mammals and most adult amphibians. |
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| A small and very toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism. |
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| An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, birds, and some reptiles. |
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| The thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal |
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| Fluid extracted by the excretory system from the blood or body cavity. The excretory system produces urine from the filtrate after extracting valuable solutes from it and concentrating it. |
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| The tubular excretory unit and associated blood vessels of the vertebrate kidney; extracts filtrate from the blood and refines it into urine. |
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| A cup-shaped swelling at the receiving end of a nephron in the vertebrate kidney; collects the filtrate from the blood. |
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| A tube in the vertebrate kidney that concentrates urine while conveying it to the renal pelvis. |
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| In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps concentrate the filtrate while conveying it between a proximal tubule and a distal tubule. |
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| In the vertebrate kidney, the reclaiming of water and valuable solutes from the filtrate. |
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| (1) In animals, the living layer or layers of cells forming the protective covering, or outer skin. (2) In plants, the tissue system forming the protective outer covering of leaves, young stems, and young roots. |
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| The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination. |
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| A duct that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. |
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| Either one of a pair of organs in the dorsal region of the vertebrate abdominal cavity, functioning to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes, which are then excreted as urine. |
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| A duct that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside. In the male, the urethra also conveys semen out of the body during ejaculation. |
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| A control mechanism in which the products of a process stimulate the process that produced them. |
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| A common control mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of the reaction, pathway, or gland. As the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process that produced them. |
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| The master control center of the system, located in the ventral portion of the vertebrate fore-brain. The hypothalamus functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary. |
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| hey require proteins (ie albumin) to journey through the bloodstream. Once they reach their target cells they easily diffuse through the cell membrane due to their hydrophobicity and bind to their receptor within the cytoplasm. |
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| An endocrine gland that secretes thyroxine (T_4), triiodothyronine (T_3), and calcitonin. |
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| An endocrine gland in the neck region of mammals that is active in establishing the immune system; secretes several hormones that promote the development and differentiation of T cells. |
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| Four endocrine glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone. |
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| An outgrowth of the vertebrate brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which coordinates daily and seasonal body activities such as the sleep/wake circadian rhythm with environmental light conditions. |
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| A gland with dual functions: The digestive portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct. The endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood. |
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| (1) In animals, the female gonad, which produces egg cells and reproductive hormones. (2) In flowering plants, the basal portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. |
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| One of a pair of endocrine glands, located atop each kidney in mammals, composed of an outer cortex and a central medulla. |
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| The tissue which fills the cavities of most bones |
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| A type of fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints. |
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| Muscle made up of cells without striations, found in the walls of organs such as the digestive tract, urinary bladder, and arteries. |
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| Striated muscle that forms the contractile tissue of the heart. |
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| A hard, external skeleton that protects an animal and provides points of attachment for muscles. |
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| A hard skeleton located within the soft tissues of an animal; includes spicules of sponges, the hard plates of echino-derms, and the cartilage and bony skeletons of vertebrates. |
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| The 'radius' is the bone of the forearm that extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. |
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| The tissue inside of bones that resembles a sponge or a honeycomb with spaces containing bone marrow or fat. |
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| is extremely hard and dense. These features of compact bone are vital to serve its function in providing support to the body and protecting the organs. It also provides levers for movement and store minerals. |
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| The thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb. |
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| long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. |
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| A bone of the leg situated between the pelvis and knee in humans. It is the largest and strongest bone in the body. |
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| Components of the skeletal system that support the central trunk of the body: the skull, backbone, and rib cage in a vertebrate. |
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| Components of the skeletal system that support the fins of a fish or the arms and legs of a land vertebrate: cartilage and bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and forelimbs and hind limbs. |
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| A nerve cell; the fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system, specialized for carrying signals from one location in the body to another. |
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| A nerve cell, entirely within the central nervous system, that integrates sensory signals and may relay command signals to motor neurons. |
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| A nerve cell that receives information from sensory receptors and conveys signals into the central nervous system. |
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| A nerve cell that conveys command signals from the central nervous system to effector cells, such as muscle cells or gland cells. |
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| Ex. Muscle or gland cells (Do action in response to signals from receptors) |
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| Ex. Light detecting cells of the eye or the skin cells; Senses things, and sends signals to effector cells |
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| White fatty substance of Schwinn cells. It speeds up the impulse transmission of a signal from neuron to neuron. |
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| A junction between two neurons, or between a neuron and an effector cell. Electrical or chemical signals are relayed from one cell to another at a synapse. |
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| The part of a cell, such as a neuron, that houses the nucleus. |
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| A neuron fiber that conveys signals from its tip inward, toward the rest of the neuron; in a motor neuron, one of several short, branched extensions that convey nerve signals toward the cell body. |
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| (1) In the context of a nervous system, a factor that triggers sensory transduction. (2) In behavioral biology, a factor that triggers a specific response. |
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| Involuntary response to impulses |
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| A chemical messenger that carries information from a transmitting neuron to a receiving cell, either another neuron or an effector cell. |
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| The integration and command center of the nervous system; the brain and, in vertebrates, the spinal cord. |
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| The component of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment; made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions. |
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| The component of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that carries signals to and from skeletal muscles. |
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| Sympathetic Division of Autonomic System |
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| prepares the body for intense, energy-consuming activities and in emergency situations--releases norepinephrine |
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| Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic System |
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| gets the body ready to store energy it may need in normal situations--releases acetylcholine |
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| 46 Chromosomes in this type of cell |
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| 23 Chromosomes in this type of cell |
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| A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization. |
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| Having two identical alleles for a given gene. |
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| Having two different alleles for a given gene. |
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| The expressed traits of an organism. |
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| The genetic makeup of an organism. |
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| The allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene. |
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| An allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene. |
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| An alternative version of a gene. |
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| The mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a particular characteristic and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same characteristic. |
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| The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. |
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| In a sexually reproducing organism, the division of a single diploid nucleus into four haploid daughter nuclei. |
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