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Biology Class
Flash Cards from "Exploring Creation with Biology" by Dr. Wile
150
Biology
12th Grade
10/21/2008

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Cards

Term
Aerobic organism
(Module #2)
Definition
An organism that requires oxygen
Term
Extracellular digestion
(Module #4)
Definition
Digestion that takes place outside of the cell
Term
Mycelium (plural is mycelia)
(Module #4)
Definition
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food
Term
Hypha (plural is hyphae)
(Module #4)
Definition
A filament of fungal cells
Term
Rhizoid hypha
(Module #4)
Definition
A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows
Term
Aerial hypha
(Module #4)
Definition
A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows
Term
Sporophore
(Module #4)
Definition
Specialized aerial hypha that produces spores
Term
Stolon
(Module #4)
Definition
An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments
Term
Haustorium
(Module #4)
Definition
A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm
Term
Chitin
(kye'tin)
(Module #4)
Definition
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility
Term
Membrane
(Module #4)
Definition
A thin covering of tissue
Term
Fermentation
(Module #4)
Definition
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules
Term
Zygospore
(Module #4)
Definition
A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering
Term
Zygote
(Module #4)
Definition
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring
Term
Antibiotic
(Module #4)
Definition
A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms
Term
Metabolism
(Module #1)
Definition
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions
Term
Anabolism
(Module #1)
Definition
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life
Term
Catabolism
(Module #1)
Definition
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks
Term
Photosynthesis
(Module #1)
Definition
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food
Term
Herbivores
(Module #1)
Definition
Organisms that eat only plants
Term
Carnivores
(Module #1)
Definition
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants
Term
Omnivores
(Module #1)
Definition
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms
Term
Producers
(Module #1)
Definition
Organisms that produce their own food
Term
Consumers
(Module #1)
Definition
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food
Term
Decomposers
(Module #1)
Definition
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms
Term
Autotrophs
(Module #1)
Definition
Organisms that are able to make their own food
Term
Heterotrophs
(Module #1)
Definition
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food
Term
Receptors
(Module #1)
Definition
Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment
Term
Asexual reproduction
(Module #1)
Definition
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism
Term
Sexual reproduction
(Module #1)
Definition
Reproduction that requires two organisms
Term
Inheritance
(Module #1)
Definition
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring
Term
Mutation
(Module #1)
Definition
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Term
Hypothesis
(Module #1)
Definition
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question
Term
Theory
(Module #1)
Definition
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data
Term
Scientific Law
(Module #1)
Definition
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data
Term
Microorganisms
(Module #1)
Definition
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye
Term
Abiogenesis
(Module #1)
Definition
The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions
Term
Prokaryotic cell
(Module #1)
Definition
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles
Term
Eukaryotic cell
(Module #1)
Definition
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles
Term
Species
(Module #1)
Definition
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units
Term
Taxonomy
(Module #1)
Definition
The science of classifying organisms
Term
Binomial nomenclature
(Module #1)
Definition
Naming an organism with its genus and species name
Term
Pathogen
(Module #2)
Definition
An organism that causes disease
Term
Saprophyte
(Module #2)
Definition
An organism that feeds on dead matter
Term
Parasite
(Module #2)
Definition
An organism that feeds on a living host
Term
Anaerobic organism
(Module #2)
Definition
An organism that does not require oxygen
Term
Steady state
(Module #2)
Definition
A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born
Term
Exponential growth
(Module #2)
Definition
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population
Term
Logistic growth
(Module #2)
Definition
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources
Term
Conjugation
(Module #2)
Definition
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer
Term
Plasmid
(Module #2)
Definition
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code
Term
Transformation
(Module #2)
Definition
The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell
Term
Transduction
(Module #2)
Definition
The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another
Term
Endospore
(Module #2)
Definition
The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers
Term
Strains
(Module #2)
Definition
Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits
Term
Pseudopod
(Module #3)
Definition
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food
Term
Nucleus
(Module #3)
Definition
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA
Term
Vacuole
(Module #3)
Definition
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell
Term
Ectoplasm
(Module #3)
Definition
The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells
Term
Endoplasm
(Module #3)
Definition
The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells
Term
Flagellate
(Module #3)
Definition
A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum
Term
Pellicle
(Module #3)
Definition
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane
Term
Chloroplast
(Module #3)
Definition
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Term
Chlorophyll
(Module #3)
Definition
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis
Term
Eyespot
(Module #3)
Definition
A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa
Term
Symbiosis
(Module #3)
Definition
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits
Term
Mutualism
(Module #3)
Definition
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association
Term
Commensalism
(Module #3)
Definition
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited
Term
Parasitism
(Module #3)
Definition
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
Term
Cilia
(Module #3)
Definition
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
Term
Spore
(Module #3)
Definition
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating
Term
Plankton
(Module #3)
Definition
Tiny organisms that float in the water
Term
Zooplankton
(Module #3)
Definition
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa
Term
Phytoplankton
(Module #3)
Definition
Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae
Term
Thallus
(Module #3)
Definition
The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems
Term
Cellulose
(Module #3)
Definition
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
Term
Holdfast
(Module #3)
Definition
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself
Term
Sessile colony
(Module #3)
Definition
A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object
Term
Atoms
(Module #5)
Definition
The Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Term
Matter
(Module #5)
Definition
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
Model
(Module #5)
Definition
An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen
Term
Element
(Module #5)
Definition
A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons
Term
Molecules
(Module #5)
Definition
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together
Term
Physical change
(Module #5)
Definition
A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance
Term
Chemical change
(Module #5)
Definition
A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance
Term
Phase
(Module #5)
Definition
One of three forms - solid, liquid, or gas - which every substance is capable of attaining
Term
Diffusion
(Module #5)
Definition
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Term
Concentration
(Module #5)
Definition
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent
Term
Semipermeable membrane
(Module #5)
Definition
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through
Term
Osmosis
(Module #5)
Definition
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration
Term
Catalyst
(Module #5)
Definition
A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process
Term
Organic molecule
(Module #5)
Definition
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous
Term
Biosynthesis
(Module #5)
Definition
The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones
Term
Isomers
(Module #5)
Definition
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
Term
Monosaccharides
(Module #5)
Definition
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms
Term
Disaccharides
(Module #5)
Definition
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides
Term
Polysaccharides
(Module #5)
Definition
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Term
Dehydration reaction
(Module #5)
Definition
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
Term
Hydrolysis
(Module #5)
Definition
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Term
Hydrophobic
(Module #5)
Definition
Lacking any affinity to water
Term
Saturated fat
(Module #5)
Definition
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms
Term
Unsaturated fat
(Module #5)
Definition
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Term
Peptide bond
(Module #5)
Definition
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein
Term
Enzymes
(Module #5)
Definition
A special class of proteins that act as catalysts for many of the chemical reactions that support life
Term
Hydrogen bond
(Module #5)
Definition
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules
Term
Absorption
(Module #6)
Definition
The transport of dissolved substances into cells
Term
Digestion
(Module #6)
Definition
The breakdown of absorbed substances
Term
Respiration
(Module #6)
Definition
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy
Term
Excretion
(Module #6)
Definition
The removal of soluble waste materials
Term
Egestion
(Module #6)
Definition
The removal of nonsoluble waste materials
Term
Secretion
(Module #6)
Definition
The release of biosynthesized substances
Term
Homeostasis
(Module #6)
Definition
Maintaining the status quo
Term
Reproduction
(Module #6)
Definition
Producing more cells
Term
Cytology
(Module #6)
Definition
The study of cells
Term
Cell Wall
(Module #6)
Definition
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells
Term
Middle lamella
(Module #6)
Definition
The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
Term
Plasma Membrane
(Module #6)
Definition
The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings
Term
Cytoplasm
(Module #6)
Definition
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Term
Ions
(Module #6)
Definition
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons
Term
Cytoplasmic Streaming
(Module #6)
Definition
The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents
Term
Mitochondria
(Module #6)
Definition
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy
Term
Lysosome
(Module #6)
Definition
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids
Term
Ribosomes
(Module #6)
Definition
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
(Module #6)
Definition
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell
Term
Rough ER
(Module #6)
Definition
ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) that is dotted with ribosomes
Term
Smooth ER
(Module #6)
Definition
ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) that has no ribosomes
Term
Leucoplasts
(Module #6)
Definition
Organelles that store starches or oils
Term
Chromoplasts
(Module #6)
Definition
Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis
Term
Central vacuole
(Module #6)
Definition
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes
Term
Waste vacuoles
(Module #6)
Definition
Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion
Term
Phagocytosis
(Module #6)
Definition
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells
Term
Phagocytic vacuole
(Module #6)
Definition
A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs
Term
Pinocytic vesicle
(Module #6)
Definition
Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules
Term
Secretion vesicle
(Module #6)
Definition
Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released
Term
Golgi bodies
(Module #6)
Definition
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell
Term
Microtubules
(Module #6)
Definition
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure
Term
Nuclear membrane
(Module #6)
Definition
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Term
Chromatin
(Module #6)
Definition
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
Term
Cytoskeleton
(Module #6)
Definition
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Term
Microfilaments
(Module #6)
Definition
Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton
Term
Intermediate filaments
(Module #6)
Definition
Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments
Term
Phospholipid
(Module #6)
Definition
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group
Term
Passive transport
(Module #6)
Definition
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion
Term
Active transport
(Module #6)
Definition
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy
Term
Isotonic solution
(Module #6)
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell that resides in the solution
Term
Hypertonic solution
(Module #6)
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
Term
Plasmolysis
(Module #6)
Definition
Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water
Term
Cytolysis
(Module #6)
Definition
The rupturing of a cell due to excess of internal pressure
Term
Hypotonic solution
(Module #6)
Definition
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
Term
Activation energy
(Module #6)
Definition
Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going
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