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| a vascular tissue in a plant; consists of living cells and distributes sugars throughout the plant. |
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a vascular tissue in a plant; includes dead cells that form microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals up from the roots |
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| a pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. When stomata are open, CO2 enters a leaf, and water and O2 exit. A plant conserves water when its stomata are closed |
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| consists of an embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective covering. Contribute to the spread of plants to diverse habitats by allowing plant embryos to be dispersed more widely. Don’t require a water layer for fertilization. Seeds produce pollen. Seeds are found in a linage that includes all living gymnosperms and angiosperms and that dominates the plant kingdom today. |
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| transfers sperm to egg-producing parts of the plant. Pollen is carried passively by wind or animals |
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Sepals: at the base of the flower; usually green. Petals: above the sepals; usually the most striking part of the flower and are often important in attracting insects and other pollinators. Stamen: consists of a stalk (filament) bearing sac; an Anther: in which pollen grains develop. Carpel: consists of a stalk with an ovary at the base and a sticky tip known as the Stigma: traps pollen. Ovary: a protective chamber containing one or more ovules, in which the eggs develop. |
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| cones are specialized reproductive structures of the sporophyte. Each cone consists of several “scales” arranged around an axis. Each scale is a sporophyll that will bear the spores of the sporophyte generation. An ovulate cone has many hard, radiating scales, each bearing a pair of ovules. Pollen cones are generally much smaller than ovulate cones; they contain many sporangia, each of which makes numerous haploid spores by meiosis. Male gametophytes (pollen grains) develop from the spores. Specialized male cones produce microspores (pollen grains) and specialized female cones produce megaspores. Megaspores develop into an archegonium with an egg cell. |
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| produces haploid microspores that will develop into the male gametophyte; the pollen grain is developed from microspores. |
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| produces the haploid megaspore that will develop into the female gametophyte; remains enclosed by a structure called the ovule in the mature sporophyte. The pollen tube travels down the megasporangia |
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| make their own organic compounds from ignorganic sources |
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| Alternations of Generations |
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1. The haploid gametophyte produces eggs and sperm by mitosis. 2. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, in which meiosis produces haploid spores. 3. Spores grow into gametophytes. The diploid and haploid stages are distinct, multicellular generations. The diploid generation produces spores. |
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| the most primitive of terrestrial plants, includes the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Nonvascular plants; resemble other plants in having apical meristems and embryos that are retained on the parent plant. Bryophytes lack lignified vascular tissue and lack support. Receive their water and nutrients from small root-like organs called rhizods; found in moist habitats, are usually small and posses leaf and stemlike structures. |
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Pterophytes (ferns and relatives) [image] |
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| seedless-vascular plants. Well developed roots and rigid stems. Have flagellated sperm that require a layer of water to reach the eggs, and they have spores enclosed in tough, protective walls. Common in temperate forests, but they are most diverse in the tropics. |
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| enclose and protect their seeds in flowers and fruits; includes many of the flowering trees, shrubs, weeds and grasses. |
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have “naked seeds” or seeds which are exposed. Includes the cycads, ginkgos, and the conifers |
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| Plants dependent on nocturnal pollinators typically have flowers that are |
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| large, light-colored, and highly scented |
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the associations between plant roots and fungi; helped make the colonization of land possible for both plants and fungi. The fungus absorbs phosphorus and other essential minerals as well as water from the soil, which becomes available to the plant. Mycorrhizae can make a tree more resistant to disease and reduce the need for fertilizers. Without fungi as mycorrhizal plants couldn’t have survived on land. Endo- inside; Ecto- fungus is outside |
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| Dikaryotic phase (“heterokaryotic” phase): |
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1. cells contain two genetically distinct haploid nuclei. A fungal life cycle stage that contains two genetically different nuclei in the same cell |
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one of many filaments making up the body of a fungus |
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the body of a fungus that is made up of many intertwining hyphae; grows at a phenomenal rate. Helps the fungus “eat” by branching throughout a food source and extending its hyphae into a new territory. A mycelium can add as much as a kilometer of hyphae each day. |
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consists of an embryo packaged with food supply within a protective covering; the seed plant lineage accounts for over 90% of the approximately 290,000 species of living plants |
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Dicotyledon (dicots) [image] |
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| an angiosperm; the first leaves on the plant embryo; has two seed leaves. Includes most shrubs, trees, ornamental plants and many of our food crops. Dicot leaves have a multibranched network of veins, and dicot stems have vascular bundles arranged in a ring. The dicot flower usually has petals and other parts in multiples of four or five. Taproot is usually present |
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the ripened ovary of a flower; an adaption that helps disperse seeds |
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a nutrient-rich mass formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization; provides nourishment to the developing embryo in the seed. |
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| the union of two sperm with two different nuclei of the embryo sac; the resulting production of endosperm is unique to angiosperms. Endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg |
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| hard, wood; has many hard, radiating scales, each bearing a pair of ovules |
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| Pollen Staminate Cones (Male) |
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| generally much smaller that ovulate cones; contain many sporangia, each of which makes numerous haploid spores by meiosis. (Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, develop from the spores) |
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a piece of DNA, usually a plasmid or a viral genome that is used to move genes from one cell to another. Ex. spores that are spread by wind, water, etc. |
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a cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell; haploid reproductive structure. Spores that lands in a moist place with food germinate produce a new fungus. If spores land on moist matter that can serve as food. Spores develop in the sporangium |
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an angiosperm; has one seed leaf. Includes orchids, bamboos, palms, lilies, as well as grains and other grasses. Most monocots have leaves with parallel veins; their stems have vascular tissues arranged in a complex array of bundles. Has a fibrous root system; make excellent ground cover that reduces erosion. |
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| Haploid (n) and Diploid (2n) numbers in plants and fungae |
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Plants: haploid generation of a plant produces gametes (sperm and eggs) and is called the gametophyte; the diploid generation produces spores and is called the sporophyte/ diploid zygote. Fungae: release a vast numbers of haploid spores; in sexual reproduction of many fungi, two haploid mycelia of different mating types release sexual signaling molecules, grow towards each other, and fuse. The Heterokaryotic stage (n + n) is when cells contain two genetically distinct haploid nuclei. |
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Similarities of ferns/mosses/angiosperms/ gymnosperms |
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- all go through the alternations of generations
- mosses and ferns have flagellated sperm that require moisture to reach an egg
- gymnosperms and angiosperms have seeds
- gymnosperms, angiosperms, and ferns are vascular plants
- they are all land plants
- have a retained embryo
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Differences between ferns/mosses/angiosperms/gymnosperms |
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mosses have a dominant gametophyte gymnosperms seeds are “naked” because they are not produced in specialized chambers mosses are nonvascular plants gymnosperms started in the Triassic period angiosperms started in the cretaceous period
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need a host; about 80% of plant diseases are caused by fungi. Between 10% and 50% of the world’s fruit harvest is lost each year to fungal attack. Animals are much less susceptible to parasitic fungi than are plants. Parasitic fungi can cause athlete’s foot, ringworm, and yeast infections. |
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land plants, vascular plants, seed plants, cone-bearing plants (gymnosperms), flowering plants (angiosperms) |
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1. associations of millions of green algae or cyanobacteria held in a mass of fungal hyphae. Named as species; provides something the other partner couldn’t obtain. Lichens are rugged and able to live where there is littler or no soil; some can tolerate severe cold; they can also withstand severe drought. Some are thousands of years old. They can’t withstand pollution because they get most of their minerals from the air. When it rains, a lichen quickly absorbs wear and photosynthesizes at a rapid rate In dry air, it dehydrates and photosynthesis may stop
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| Mycobiont: heterotroph; usually the fungus. Provides house for photobiont, but can’t live without energy from the autotrophs. Photobiont: autotroph; usually cyanobacteria |
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| Ferns; frond; pinnae; sori; fiddlehead |
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Ferns: seedless vascular plants. Fronds: roots, stems and leaves Sori: sporangia developed in clusters on the underside of the leaflets Pinnae: leaflet Fiddle Head: unfurled fronds of young ferns. “curled leaves of ferns”
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| Parts of monoecious plants |
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| plants that have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. A plant species where the male and female organs are found in different flowers on the same plant, often plants are wind pollinated like some trees and grasses like corn. |
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| Significance of Carboniferous Period |
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generated great quantities of organic matter. As the plants died, they fell into stagnant wetlands and didn’t decay completely; their remains formed thick organic deposits called peat. The peat was then covered by marine sediments, along with pressure and head, which turned into coal. Coal was crucial to the Industrial Revolution. When the Carboniferous forests were living, their photosynthesis removed the so much CO2 from the atmosphere which contributed to global cooling. |
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(sac fungi) named for saclike structures called asci that produce spores in sexual reproduction. Live in a variety of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Include some of the most devastating plant pathogens; others live with lichens. |
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(club fungi) mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi. Named for their club-shaped. Many species excel at breaking down the lignin found in wood and play a key role as decomposers. Also include the destructive plant parasites, rusts and smuts. |
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| (zygote fungi) characterized by their resistant zygosporangium. Includes fast-growing molds, such as black bread mold and molds that rot produce such as peaches, strawberries, and sweet potatoes. Some are parasites on animals. |
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Smuts, rusts, morels [image][image] |
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| are species of the Basidiomytes. Includes wheat rusts and corn smut. Plant parasites |
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the only fungi with flagellated spores. Common in lakes, ponds, and soil. Some are decomposers; others parasitize protists, plants, or animals |
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| (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) they from a distinct type of mycorrhizal in which hyphae that invade plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures known as arbuscules. They reproduce asexually by blastospores |
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| very essential; they return essential elements. Recyclers. Fungae can decompose cellulose. |
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| mutual evolutionary influence between two species. Ex. flowers needing seed dispersal and bees wanting nectar. |
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covers leaves and stems; made up of wax to reduce water loss |
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| chemical substance that helps the cell walls of some plants strengthened and thickened |
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“Zygomycetes and ascomycetes tend to reproduce asexually when conditions are suitable and sexually when conditions become harsh” |
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“Zygomycetes and ascomycetes tend to reproduce asexually when conditions are suitable and sexually when conditions become harsh” |
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| Fungi's role as antibiotics, cheese flavoring, and recycling |
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1. Antibiotic: some fungi produce antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial diseases; penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered. Cheese Flavoring: come from fungi used to ripen them; yeasts can be used to produce alcoholic beverages and to rise bread. Recycling: fungi return essential elements that we all need |
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main component of cell walls in fungi; strong, flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, identical to the chitin found in external skeletons of insects |
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| have vascular tissue (specialized tissue consisting of a series of tubes for transporting fluids); originated about 420 million years ago(surlurian period); have strong standing stems; composed of seed and seedless plants |
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lack vascular tissue; bryophytes/mosses; water travels through the plant by osmosis |
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An organ or a cell in which gametes are produced, such as those of fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns; haploid structure and formation of gametes does not involve meiosis |
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| fungal infection. Skin mycoses include the disease called ringworm. Systemic mycoses are fungal infections that spread throughout the body, usually from spores that are inhaled |
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