Term
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Definition
| Only molecule involved with transcription |
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Term
Promoter
(pertaining to transcription) |
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Definition
| Site where RNA polymerase binds to transcribe a gene |
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Term
| The three types of RNA and their functions |
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Definition
mRNA- carries information for transcription
rRNA- a component of rRNA
tRNA- "escorts" amino acids to the ribosome |
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Term
| Ribonucleoside Triphosphate and function |
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Definition
| precursors for transcription that removes a pyrophosphate & polymerizes a nucleotide to the 3' end of a growing RNA chain |
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Term
Post-transcriptional modifications
mRNA |
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Definition
1)receives a cap, or an addition of a 7methyl guanosine to the 5' end
2)can also receive a poly-A "Tail" (this is 100-200 Adenine nucleotides long) |
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Term
Post-transcriptional modifications
tRNA |
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Definition
| Chemical modifications of bases (the addition of a CCA to the 3' end) |
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Term
| Post-transcriptional modifications rRNA |
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Definition
| The primary transcript can always form more than one piece of RNA from splicing |
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Term
Post-transcriptional modifications
all types of RNA |
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Definition
1)Splicing
2)Removal of nucleotides from the 5' and/or 3' |
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Term
| Splicing and what does it |
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Definition
The removal of introns from RNA
This is done by splicesomes
(A complex of RNA proteins) |
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Term
| Codons and are found in what RNA |
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Definition
| Made from 3 bases and found in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| AUG- marks the starting point for translation |
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Term
| The genetic code is ____ and what does this mean |
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Definition
| degenerate and it means that most amino acids are are represented by more than one codon |
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Term
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Definition
| A 2-D shape resembling a 3-leaf clover |
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Term
| anticodon loop- what is its location and function |
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Definition
| located across from the acceptor stem, it pairs with the codon on mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that "loads" the proper amino acid onto tRNA using energy from ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of a large and small subunit each constructed of 1 or more rRNA and 20-30 proteins |
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Term
The three sites that hold tRNAs
*Where does the first tRNA go to |
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Definition
1)A site- holds new tRNA
2)P site- holds tRNA with a polypeptide chain
3)E site- holds empty tRNA to exit the ribosome
*the p site |
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Term
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Definition
| It's one mRNA and all the multiple ribosomes translating it at the same time |
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Term
| Where are the proteins sent to when finished |
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Definition
1)Organelles or cytosol
a) plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes, nucleus
2)Rough ER
A) golgi apparatus
a)lysosome
i)elsewhere or outside the cell via exocytosis |
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Term
| Three ways proteins can be modified |
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Definition
1)proteolysis- cleaving the polypeptide allows the fragments to fold into different shapes
2)Glycosylation- adding sugars is important for targeting and recognition
3)Phosporylation- added phosphate groups alter the shape of the protein |
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Term
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Definition
| A permanent, heritable change ot DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Change to nucleotide sequence of individual genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes the gene order of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
Replacing one nucleotide for another
This can change a codon-leading to death- and/or possibly create a false stop (typically, this only alters one amino acid in the resulting protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| Shifts the triplet reading of the codons |
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Term
| Types of Frameshift mutations |
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Definition
Additions- adding 1 or more nucleotides to a gene
Deletions- deleting 1 or more nucleotides from a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations to body cells that are non-inheritable but can cause serious health issues ex.Cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical or physical factors that alter the structure of DNA |
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Term
| Why can nucleic acids be altered by mutagens |
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Definition
| THey are chemicals and therefor can be altered in a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be caused by UV light providing enough energy that two adjacent pyrimidine bases form a covalent bond |
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Term
| DNA polymerase and Dimers |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase doesn't recognize dimers and will replace it with a random base |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cuts corrupted segments of DNA out
Summoned when UvrABA finds an error in the DNA (a dimer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Replaces removed sections of DNA from UvrC |
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