Under the electron microscope, unfolded chromatin resembles "beads on a string." What do the "beads" represent?

Approximately what proportion of the DNA in the human genome codes for proteins or functional

RNA?

Two potential devices that eukaryotic cells use to regulate transcription are DNA ____ and histone

____.

site in the DNA located near the end of the final exon, encoding an RNA sequence that determines the

3' end of the transcript

The phenomenon in which RNA molecules in a cell are destroyed if they have a sequence

complementary to an introduced double-stranded RNA is called

A genetic test to detect predisposition to cancer would likely examine the APC gene for ____ cancer

and the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes for ____ cancer.

Reverse transcriptase may be present in cells that have not been infected by a retrovirus because of the

presence of

When pieces of DNA are centrifuged, a "satellite" band develops that is separate from the rest of the

DNA. This layer is composed of ____.

These portions of the genome are nonfunctional nucleotide sequences that are quite similar to the

functional genes.

In humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of

adults. This is due to

Assume that you are trying to insert a gene into a plasmid. Someone gives you a preparation of

genomic DNA that has been cut with restriction enzyme X. The gene you wish to insert has sites on

both ends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. You have a plasmid with a single site for Y, but not for

X. Your strategy should be to

cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert these fragments into the plasmid

cut with the same enzyme.

an agent, such as a plasmid, used to transfer DNA from an in vitro solution into a living

cell

The principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a bacterial plasmid, and

then getting that gene expressed in bacteria, is that

A gene that contains introns can be made shorter (but remain functional) for genetic engineering

purposes by using

____ produces multiple identical copies of a gene for basic research or for large-scale production of a

gene product

DNA fragments from a gel are transferred to a nitrocellulose paper during the procedure called

Southern blotting. The purpose of transferring the DNA from a gel to a nitrocellulose paper is to

After being digested with a restriction enzyme, genomic DNA fragments are separated by gel

electrophoresis. Specific fragments can then be identified through the use of a

The major advantage of using artificial chromosomes such as YACs and BACs instead of plasmids for

cloning genes is that

provided genetic markers scattered throughout the genome, allowing the construction of a

genome-wide linkage map.

Upon the completion of genome sequencing projects, how do scientists generally go about asking how

many genes there are in the genome and where they are located?

using software to scan the genome sequence for gene-related sequence elements such as

promoters and transcription start and stop sites

allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at

once.