Term
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Definition
-Polar (hydrophilic) “head”
Two nonpolar (hydrophobic) fatty acid “tails” |
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Term
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Definition
| -cells, even in multicellular eukaryotes. |
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Term
| What surrounds animal cells: |
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Definition
| -weakly salty "interstitial fluid" |
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Term
| In water, Phospholipids spontaneously arrange into a: |
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Definition
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Term
| Form hydrogen bonds with water molecules: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Phospholipids shift about rapidly: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fluidity of the membrane allows: |
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Definition
-Allows shock absorption
-Allows membrane to merge
-Allows for cell shape change |
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Term
| Cholesterol and saturation of fatty acids help stabilize membranes by: |
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Definition
-Reducing fluidity at higher temperature
-Increasing fluidity at lower temperature |
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Term
| Cholesterol reduces permeability by: |
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Definition
| - Giving cell greater control over substances entering and leaving. |
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Term
| Hydrophobic molecules can readily diffuse through the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Many molecules used by cells are: |
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Definition
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Term
| What cannot move through non-polar, hyrophobic fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrophilic molecules rely on the: |
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Definition
| -Mosaic of membrane-associated proteins. |
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Term
| Five major categories of membrane proteins: |
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Definition
-Enzymes
-Recognition proteins
-Transport Proteins
-Receptor proteins
-Connection proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| -Membrane proteins that bear carbohydrate groups from the outer membrane surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Promote chemical reactions that synthesize or break apart biological molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Regulates movement of hydrophilic molecules across membrane: |
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Definition
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Term
| Span bilayer and can be opened and closed: |
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Definition
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Term
| Spanning bilayer that features a binding site specific to messenger molecule: |
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Definition
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Term
| In receptor proteins, Binding activates Protein by both: |
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Definition
| -Direct and indirect receptor action |
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Term
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Definition
| - the messenger molecule causes a channel to open in that same protein. |
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Term
| Indirect receptor action: |
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Definition
| -Messenger molecule triggers cascade of reactions elsewhere within the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Help maintain cell shape by linking to the membrane to the cytoskeleton: |
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Definition
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Term
| Substance that can be dissolved in a solvent: |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid capable of dissolving a solute: |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of solute in a given volume of solvent: |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference in certain properties between two adjacent regions: |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells must generate and maintain concentration gradients to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma membranes are "selectively permeable", this means? |
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Definition
| -Proteins allow only specific solutes to permeate, helping maintain concentration gradients |
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Term
| Plasma membranes are selectively permeable and Substances are allowed to permeate in two ways: |
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Definition
-Passive Transport
-Energy-requiring transport |
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Term
| Diffusion of substances lower their concentration gradient is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell must expend energy to move substances across membranes is: |
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Definition
| -Energy-requiring transport |
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Term
| Passive Transport includes: |
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Definition
-Simple diffusion
-Facilitated diffusion
-and Osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
-Diffusion of substances lower their gradients
-and does not require energy |
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Term
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Definition
-Direct diffusion through phospholipid bilayer.
-also they are tiny molecules with no charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Most polar molecules and are too large also insoluble in lipids(fats) |
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Term
| Must use specific transport proteins (carrier and channel): |
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Definition
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Term
| Preexisting gradient (no energy required): |
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Definition
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Term
| Binding causes protein to change shape and transfer bound molecules across the membrane: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Equipped with regions that loosely bind specific solutes |
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Term
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Definition
-Feature pores that may be open or closed
Some are more selective than others |
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Term
| Aquaporins (“water pores”): |
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Definition
| -Specialized water channels |
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Term
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Definition
-Solution with equal concentrations
-Water moves equally in both directions; no net movement |
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Term
| Hypertonic (hyper = “greater than”): |
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Definition
| -Greater concentration of solute |
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Term
| Hypotonic (hypo = “below”): |
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Definition
| -More dilute concentration of solute |
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Term
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Definition
| -Water uptake by roots, absorption of dietary water by intestines, reclamation of water in kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| - there is no net movement of water |
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Term
| When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell, causing it to: |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell, causing it to: |
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Definition
| -Swell and eventually burst |
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Term
| Most plant cells have a large central vacuole with many: |
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Definition
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Term
| Inflates the cell, forcing the cytosol within its plasma membrane against cell wall: |
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Definition
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Term
| Without water, plants lose Turgor and: |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy-Requiring transport Includes: |
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Definition
-Active transport
-Endocytosis
-Exocytosis |
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Term
| Cell must expend energy to move substances across membranes: |
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Definition
| - Energy-Requiring Transport |
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Term
| Crucial for maintaining gradients, acquiring food, excreting wastes, cell-to-cell communication: |
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Definition
| -Energy-Requiring Transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy is spent to move molecules against their gradient and Builds potential |
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Term
| Active transport proteins are often referred to as: |
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Definition
| -pumps, moving solutes “uphill” |
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Term
| Endocytosis (“inside cell”) includes: |
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Definition
-Pinocytosis
-Receptor-mediated endocytosis
-Phagocytosis |
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Term
| May lead to the formation of a food vacuole, where, after fusing with a lysosome, digestion ensues: |
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Definition
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Term
| -Endocytosis(inside cell") is defined by: |
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Definition
| - Materials that are engulfed from the extracellular environment and transported within the cell via vesicles |
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Term
| Exocytosis (“outside cell”): |
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Definition
| -Materials to be expelled are transported via vesicles and released, diffusing into the extracellular fluid |
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Term
| Given a spherical cell, the larger its diameter, the farther its innermost contents are from the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Some cells (nerve cells, muscle cells) greatly increase the surface area available to: |
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Definition
| -serve their considerable volumes via elongation |
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Term
| Intercellular junctions link cells and allow cells to communicate.In animals they: |
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Definition
-Adhesive junctions
-Tight junctions
-Gap junctions |
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Term
| Intercellular junctions link cells and allow cells to communicate. In Plants: |
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Definition
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Term
| Adhesive junctions are only in: |
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Definition
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Term
| In Linking and anchoring proteins connect cytoskeletons of adjacent cells: |
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Definition
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Term
| Are one type and Join cells in tissues that are repeatedly stretched (skin, intestines, heart): |
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Definition
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Term
| Animals only and Formed by proteins that span plasma membranes at corresponding sites on adjacent cells: |
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Definition
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Term
| Leakproof (bladder, skin, stomach, brain): |
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Definition
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Term
| Animals only, are Formed of six-sided protein tubes called connexonsAlign pores, and connecting cytosol of adjacent cells: |
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Definition
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Term
| Small hydrophilic molecules may pass, but proteins and organelles cannot: |
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Definition
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Term
| Allow for coordination and communication (nervous signals, muscle cell contractions): |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants only.Channels linking adjacent cells, allowing for movement of large molecules: |
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Definition
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Term
| Lined with plasma membrane and filled with cytosol Continuous from one cell to another: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Molecules in a fluid flow past one another and have a phospholipid bilayer. |
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Term
| Various biological molecules, some embedded, some attached, form a patchwork: |
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Definition
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