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Biology Chapter 5
Biology Ch. 5 Notes
81
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/22/2018

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Term
Phospholipid:
Definition
-Polar (hydrophilic) “head”
Two nonpolar (hydrophobic) fatty acid “tails”
Term
Water surrounds all:
Definition
-cells, even in multicellular eukaryotes.
Term
What surrounds animal cells:
Definition
-weakly salty "interstitial fluid"
Term
In water, Phospholipids spontaneously arrange into a:
Definition
-"Phospholipid bilayer"
Term
Form hydrogen bonds with water molecules:
Definition
-Hydrophilic "heads"
Term
Cluster within:
Definition
-Hydrophobic "tails"
Term
Phospholipids shift about rapidly:
Definition
- at body temperature
Term
Are not bonded together:
Definition
-Phospholipids
Term
Fluidity of the membrane allows:
Definition
-Allows shock absorption
-Allows membrane to merge
-Allows for cell shape change
Term
Cholesterol and saturation of fatty acids help stabilize membranes by:
Definition
-Reducing fluidity at higher temperature
-Increasing fluidity at lower temperature
Term
Cholesterol reduces permeability by:
Definition
- Giving cell greater control over substances entering and leaving.
Term
Hydrophobic molecules can readily diffuse through the:
Definition
-phospholipid bilayer
Term
Many molecules used by cells are:
Definition
-hydrophilic
Term
What cannot move through non-polar, hyrophobic fatty acids?
Definition
- Hydrophilic molecules
Term
Hydrophilic molecules rely on the:
Definition
-Mosaic of membrane-associated proteins.
Term
Five major categories of membrane proteins:
Definition
-Enzymes
-Recognition proteins
-Transport Proteins
-Receptor proteins
-Connection proteins
Term
Glycoprotiens(sweet):
Definition
-Membrane proteins that bear carbohydrate groups from the outer membrane surface.
Term
Enzymes:
Definition
-Promote chemical reactions that synthesize or break apart biological molecules.
Term
Recognition Proteins:
Definition
- Glycoprotiens-sweet
Term
Regulates movement of hydrophilic molecules across membrane:
Definition
-Transport Protiens
Term
Span bilayer and can be opened and closed:
Definition
-Transport Proteins
Term
Spanning bilayer that features a binding site specific to messenger molecule:
Definition
-Receptor Protein
Term
In receptor proteins, Binding activates Protein by both:
Definition
-Direct and indirect receptor action
Term
Direct Receptor action:
Definition
- the messenger molecule causes a channel to open in that same protein.
Term
Indirect receptor action:
Definition
-Messenger molecule triggers cascade of reactions elsewhere within the cell.
Term
Anchors cell membrane:
Definition
- Connection Proteins
Term
Help maintain cell shape by linking to the membrane to the cytoskeleton:
Definition
-Anchor cell membrane
Term
Substance that can be dissolved in a solvent:
Definition
-Solute
Term
Fluid capable of dissolving a solute:
Definition
-Solvent
Term
Amount of solute in a given volume of solvent:
Definition
-Concentration
Term
Difference in certain properties between two adjacent regions:
Definition
-Gradient
Term
Cells must generate and maintain concentration gradients to:
Definition
- Stay Alive
Term
Plasma membranes are "selectively permeable", this means?
Definition
-Proteins allow only specific solutes to permeate, helping maintain concentration gradients
Term
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable and Substances are allowed to permeate in two ways:
Definition
-Passive Transport
-Energy-requiring transport
Term
Diffusion of substances lower their concentration gradient is:
Definition
-Passive transport
Term
Cell must expend energy to move substances across membranes is:
Definition
-Energy-requiring transport
Term
Passive Transport includes:
Definition
-Simple diffusion
-Facilitated diffusion
-and Osmosis
Term
Passive transport is?
Definition
-Diffusion of substances lower their gradients
-and does not require energy
Term
Simple diffusion:
Definition
-Direct diffusion through phospholipid bilayer.
-also they are tiny molecules with no charge.
Term
Facilitated diffusion:
Definition
-Most polar molecules and are too large also insoluble in lipids(fats)
Term
Must use specific transport proteins (carrier and channel):
Definition
-Facilitated Diffusion
Term
Preexisting gradient (no energy required):
Definition
-Facilitated Diffusion
Term
Binding causes protein to change shape and transfer bound molecules across the membrane:
Definition
- Carrier Proteins
Term
Carrier proteins:
Definition
-Equipped with regions that loosely bind specific solutes
Term
Channel proteins:
Definition
-Feature pores that may be open or closed
Some are more selective than others
Term
Aquaporins (“water pores”):
Definition
-Specialized water channels
Term
Isotonic (iso = “same”):
Definition
-Solution with equal concentrations
-Water moves equally in both directions; no net movement
Term
Hypertonic (hyper = “greater than”):
Definition
-Greater concentration of solute
Term
Hypotonic (hypo = “below”):
Definition
-More dilute concentration of solute
Term
Osmosis:
Definition
-Water uptake by roots, absorption of dietary water by intestines, reclamation of water in kidneys.
Term
In isotonic solution:
Definition
- there is no net movement of water
Term
When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell, causing it to:
Definition
-Shrivel
Term
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell, causing it to:
Definition
-Swell and eventually burst
Term
Most plant cells have a large central vacuole with many:
Definition
-Aquaporins
Term
Inflates the cell, forcing the cytosol within its plasma membrane against cell wall:
Definition
-Turgor Pressure
Term
Without water, plants lose Turgor and:
Definition
- Wilt
Term
Energy-Requiring transport Includes:
Definition
-Active transport
-Endocytosis
-Exocytosis
Term
Cell must expend energy to move substances across membranes:
Definition
- Energy-Requiring Transport
Term
Crucial for maintaining gradients, acquiring food, excreting wastes, cell-to-cell communication:
Definition
-Energy-Requiring Transport
Term
Active transport:
Definition
Energy is spent to move molecules against their gradient and Builds potential
Term
Active transport proteins are often referred to as:
Definition
-pumps, moving solutes “uphill”
Term
Endocytosis (“inside cell”) includes:
Definition
-Pinocytosis
-Receptor-mediated endocytosis
-Phagocytosis
Term
May lead to the formation of a food vacuole, where, after fusing with a lysosome, digestion ensues:
Definition
-Endocytosis
Term
-Endocytosis(inside cell") is defined by:
Definition
- Materials that are engulfed from the extracellular environment and transported within the cell via vesicles
Term
Exocytosis (“outside cell”):
Definition
-Materials to be expelled are transported via vesicles and released, diffusing into the extracellular fluid
Term
Given a spherical cell, the larger its diameter, the farther its innermost contents are from the:
Definition
- Plasma Membrane
Term
Some cells (nerve cells, muscle cells) greatly increase the surface area available to:
Definition
-serve their considerable volumes via elongation
Term
Intercellular junctions link cells and allow cells to communicate.In animals they:
Definition
-Adhesive junctions
-Tight junctions
-Gap junctions
Term
Intercellular junctions link cells and allow cells to communicate. In Plants:
Definition
- Plasmodesmata
Term
Adhesive junctions are only in:
Definition
-Animals
Term
In Linking and anchoring proteins connect cytoskeletons of adjacent cells:
Definition
-Adhesive Junctions
Term
Are one type and Join cells in tissues that are repeatedly stretched (skin, intestines, heart):
Definition
-Desmosomes
Term
Animals only and Formed by proteins that span plasma membranes at corresponding sites on adjacent cells:
Definition
-Tight Junctions
Term
Leakproof (bladder, skin, stomach, brain):
Definition
-Tight Junctions
Term
Animals only, are Formed of six-sided protein tubes called connexonsAlign pores, and connecting cytosol of adjacent cells:
Definition
-Gap Junctions
Term
Small hydrophilic molecules may pass, but proteins and organelles cannot:
Definition
-Gap Junctions
Term
Allow for coordination and communication (nervous signals, muscle cell contractions):
Definition
-Gap Junctions
Term
Plants only.Channels linking adjacent cells, allowing for movement of large molecules:
Definition
-Plasmodesmata
Term
Lined with plasma membrane and filled with cytosol Continuous from one cell to another:
Definition
-Plasmodesmata
Term
Fluid Mosaic Model:
Definition
-Molecules in a fluid flow past one another and have a phospholipid bilayer.
Term
Various biological molecules, some embedded, some attached, form a patchwork:
Definition
-Fluid Mosaic Model
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