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Biology Chapter 4
Chapter 4: Inside the Cell
63
Biology
11th Grade
09/15/2013

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Term
What is Abiogenesis?
Definition
Life arising from nonlife in early earth conditions
Term
What is spontaneous generation?
Definition
The belief that mulitcellular organisms arise from non-living things.
Term
What scientific experiment did Louis Pasteure conduct?
Definition
He tested the theory of spontaneous generation by placing two beakers of broth side by side: one was open to the air and the other had a curved tube. The expirament concluded that only the beaker without the curved tube produced bacteria.
Term
Why do most cells only range from 1-100 Macrometers?
Definition
Functionability. If they were any larger, it would be extremely difficult for them to receive nutrients.
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
A cell's ability to gain materials when it is extremely small- it requires almost no effort.
Term
What is the first principle of the cell theory?
Definition
All known living things are made up of cells (plants and animals)
Term
What is the second principle of the cell theory?
Definition
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
Term
What is the third principle of the cell theory?
Definition
That all cells come from pre-existing cells by division (spontaneous generation does not occur)
Term
What is the fourth principle of the Cell Theory?
Definition
That all cells contain DNA
Term
What is the fifth principle of the cell theory?
Definition
That all cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
Term
What is the sixth principle of the cell theory?
Definition
That all energy flow occurs inside a cell
Term
What are the two main types of cells?
Definition
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Term
What two kingdoms are Prokaryotic?
Definition
Bacteria and Archea
Term
What are bacterial cell walls made of?
Definition
Peptidoglycan
Term
How big are Prokaryotic Cells?
Definition
They range from 5-10 Macrometers
Term
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Bacteria?
Definition
Shape and stain
Term
Does bacteria contain DNA, RNA, or both?
Definition
both
Term
What are Archea cell walls made of?
Definition
psuedo-peptidoglycan
Term
Does Archea contain DNA, RNA, or both?
Definition
RNA
Term
What is the defining characteristic of Archea?
Definition
They are extremists
Term
What kingdoms are in the Domain Eukaryote?
Definition
Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Protists
Term
What two kingdoms in Eukaryotes have cell walls?
Definition
Fungi and Plants
Term
How big are Eukaryotes?
Definition
50 Macrometers
Term
What is a plasma membrane?
Definition
It's like a layer of jello, membrane of a cell
Term
What is cell membrane made of?
Definition
A phospholipid bilayer
Term
What are the three things that all cells have in common?
Definition
1) All have a membrane 2) All contain DNA 3) All contain ATP
Term
What are the functions of cholesterol in a cell membrane?
Definition
1) To make a stronger bilayer, 2) To make it more flexible, 3) to make it less permeable
Term
What are proteins?
Definition
They act as carriers and passageways in the cell membrane
Term
What type of protein regulates the passage of Ion molecules?
Definition
Channel Proteins
Term
What are transport proteins?
Definition
regulate the passage of molecules (combined with a protien) through tht membrane. Ex: Glucose and amino acids
Term
What type of proteins contain glycoproteins?
Definition
Cell recognition proteins
Term
What are receptor proteins?
Definition
They are specific and can cause a shape change, triggering a cellular response. Ex: hormones
Term
What type of protein carries out metabolic reactions directly?
Definition
Enzymatic proteins
Term
What are junction proteins?
Definition
Cell to cell communication. Ex: If you took your heart out and put it on the table, it would keep beating because of these proteins.
Term
What three things make up the cell membrane?
Definition
1) Phospholipids, 2) Cholesterol, 3) Proteins
Term
What is the Nuclear Envelope?
Definition
The nuclear membrane is a double membrane. It controls what goes in and out of the Nucleus (DNA stays in)
Term
What is the Nucleus?
Definition
A double membrane bound, visible organelle.
Term
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Definition
A series of Membrane enclosed tubes in the cytoplasm. Comes in forms of Rough ER and Smooth ER.
Term
What is Smooth ER?
Definition
Smooth ER is the major site of lipid synthesis.
Term
What is Rough ER?
Definition
Have ribosomes on them, which are the site of Protein synthesis.
Term
Where is Smooth ER located?
Definition
Comes out of the Nucleus
Term
Where is Rough ER located?
Definition
It's a branch of the Smooth ER- further away from nucleus
Term
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Definition
It processes proteins and molecules to make them functional and prepared for export.
Term
Where is the Golgi Apparatus located?
Definition
Adjacent to the Smooth ER
Term
What is a Lysosome?
Definition
It contains digestive enzymes to break down food particles or used organelles. (More acidic PH)
Term
What does Hydrolidic mean?
Definition
The use of a water molecule to split up organelles. (Lysosome)
Term
What does Hydrolaces mean?
Definition
Breaking down molecules into components. Only active at low PH. (Lysosome)
Term
What is Mitochondria?
Definition
Breaks down glucose to make ENERGY. (Synthesizing ATP). Site of aerobic (using oxygen) cellular respiration. Found in both plants and animals. About the size of bacteria.
Term
What are Chloroplasts?
Definition
Found only in plant cells, similar to mitochondria. A double membraned cell, it is the site of photosynthesis. Contains Chlorophyll.
Term
Define: Chromatin
Definition
DNA and assorted proteins, arranged in chromosomes.
Term
Define: Nucleolus
Definition
Components of ribosomes.
Term
Do plants contain Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, or both?
Definition
Both
Term
What are vacuoles?
Definition
Present in both animal and plant cells. Membranous sacs, can be specialized. EX: Digestive
Term
What is the Central Vacuole?
Definition
Only found in plants, regulates water content in cell. May contain toxins for defense, stores sugars and amino acids, regulates turgor pressure, can contain pigments. (Main functions: Storage and Turgor Pressure)
Term
What is the Cytoskeleton?
Definition
A network of protein fibers. Found throughout the cell, helps the organism stay together.
Term
What are Cilia?
Definition
Slender, MOVABLE extensions of the plasma membrane. Found in oviducts and other similar places. Shorter, more numerous, parallel direction.
Term
What are Flagella?
Definition
Found on sperm. Longer, fewer, perpendicular motion.
Term
What are Plasmodesmata?
Definition
Membrane lined channels that pass through the cell wall. Allows direct exchange of some materials, mainly water and small molecules.
Term
What is the Extracellular Matrix?
Definition
HOLDS CELLS TOGETHER. Network of polysaccharides and proteins. Can be flexible or hard. (Collagen-strength, Elastic fibers- resilience, Polysaccharides- provide packing and rapid diffusion of metabolites)
Term
What are adhesion junctions?
Definition
Sturdy but flexible, allows for stretching. (Stomach)
Term
What are tight junctions?
Definition
Urine in kidney tubules.
Term
What are gap junctions?
Definition
Allow cells to communicate- heart and smooth muscle- contact together.
Term
Where is the Extracellular Matrix located?
Definition
Outside the cell.
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