Term
| Living organisms are composed of________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| living organisms have________ that they create and actively maintain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| living organisms are ________ to their environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| living organisms maintain internal balance different to their environment (________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| living organisms can _______ and ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| living organisms can obtain and use ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| living organisms are subject to ________ and ________ |
|
Definition
evolutionary change
adaptation |
|
|
Term
| the __ is the basic unit of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
organismal level:
__-__-__-__ |
|
Definition
| tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
|
|
Term
| being sensitive to environment (example) means ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the 1950s, the _____ was first used by ______ to study changes in the ____ |
|
Definition
scientific method
Dr. kettlewell
peppered moths |
|
|
Term
| biology makes use of which 2 other natural sciences to study living systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
discipline within biology
___ how living things maintain their organization |
|
Definition
| physiology and cell biology |
|
|
Term
discipline within biology
how living things obtain energy |
|
Definition
biochemistry
ecology
physiology |
|
|
Term
discipline within biology
how living things reproduce and self-organize |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
discipline within biology
how living things sense and respond to environmental changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
discipline within biology
how living things adapt, how diversity is produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
discipline within biology
how living things interact with each other and their environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ uses specific observations to develop general scientific principals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ uses general principles to predict specific results. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ measured angle of suns rays at 2 locations to get angle A. He used deductive math reasoning : C=(360degrees/a)*distance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biology shares with all sciences the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
scientific method= 5 steps
______
______
______
______
______ |
|
Definition
observation
hypothesis forming
prediction
experiment
conclusion |
|
|
Term
| _____ a possibly explanation that must be tested for validity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ rephrasing of hypothesis in experimental terms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ testing of hypothesis, focusing on one variable at a time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ modification of a species over generations
-“descent with modification” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ individuals with superior physical or behavioral characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without such characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______fossils in an area were similar to areas living forms |
|
Definition
| fossil records and "the beagle" |
|
|
Term
darwin-
_____ often have most distinctive species but they are always most similar to species on the nearest mainland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
darwin's evidence-
natural selection produces variation in related species.
darwin noticed variations in related species living in different locations-__________ |
|
Definition
| local adaptation driven by environmental differences |
|
|
Term
| darwin was a "pigeon fancier" and kept an array of pigeon varieties, produced by selective breeding of plants and animals by humans, known as _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
population growth based on availability of resources:
population growth is ________
increase in food supply is _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| not all members of a _______ survive and reproduce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Darwin’s Timeline
voyage of 'the beagle' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Darwin’s Timeline
conceived idea of natural selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Darwin’s Timeline
tested idea of evolution against known facts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Darwin’s Timeline
wrote a draft of his argument but did not publish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Darwin’s Timeline
worked on other things (barnacles, earthworms, plants, etc.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Darwin’s Timeline
Darwin’s Timeline
received letter from Alfred Russell Wallace outlining wallace's hypothesis of evolution by natural selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Darwin’s Timeline
presented his and wallace's ideas to the linnaean society of london |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Darwin’s Timeline
published "on the origins of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle of life" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
post-darwin evolution evidence
new ______ are found all the time
earth is older (___) than previously believed (_______) |
|
Definition
fossils
4.5 billion years old
thousands of years |
|
|
Term
mechanisms of heredity:
early criticism of darwin's ideas were resolved by mendel's theories for _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ have same evolutionary origin, but different structure and function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ have similar structure and function, but different evolutionary origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| our increased understanding of DNA and protein structures has led to the development of more accurate _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemistry- the study of the properties of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -anything that has mass and occupies space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| matter is composed of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ and _______ are found in the nucleus of an atom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are found in shells surrounding the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is special with 1 proton and no neutron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________= number of protons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are atoms with the same atomic number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electron's mass= __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______= sum of protons and neutrons in an atom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______-atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers (due to different numbers of _______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbon has ___ isotopes: list |
|
Definition
3
carbon 12 (most abundant) (6p,6n)
carbon 13 (6p, 7n)
carbon 14 (radioactive, unstable)(6p,8n) |
|
|
Term
| heavier isotopes degrade to lighter isotopes or elements. as they do they emit _____ making them _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ have the same number of protons and electrons. no net charge. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are charged atoms. they gain or lose electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ have more protons than electrons so are positively charged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ have more electrons than protons so are negatively charged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ indicate an electrons likely location around a nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy levels represent an electron's energy. lowest level is ___, up to _ electrons. next is _, up to _ electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an orbital can hold up to _ electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrons far from the nucleus have more ______ than electrons close to the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______-those in the outermost energy level of an atom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ do not affect chemical behavior because they don't come into contact with one another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for most atoms important to life, the outermost energy is level once it has _ electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ can be transferred from one atom to another, while still retaining the energy of their position in the atom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______=loss of an electron to another atom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______=gain of an electron from another atom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ or (___) reactions are the most important class of energy transfer reactions in living things |
|
Definition
oxidation-reduction
(REDOX) |
|
|
Term
| number of protons determines ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are ____ naturally occurring elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only ___ elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 elements make up 96.3% of human body weight: _ _ _ _ |
|
Definition
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| elements are organized on the p.t. according to their ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
first energy-_
second _
third _
4th _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atoms with full energy levels are __ than those with unfilled energy levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atoms in the far right column are stable. they do not react with other atoms, so they are ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are groups of atoms held together in a stable association |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are molecules containing more than one type of element |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sodium has one electron in its outermost energy level, so it readily donates it to become ion __
chlorine has 7 e in its outermost level, so it takes one to become __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ form by atoms sharing one or more pairs of valence electrons. they are strong bonds, difficult to break |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ form by atoms donating or accepting electrons. they are strong bonds, except in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxygen molecules represent a balanced sharing- a ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in water, the sharing is unbalanced. oxygen is more "electron-greedy" (_____)and has the electrons more often than does either hydrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the unequal sharing of electrons in water, makes the water molecules _____, so water has a ___ bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in water molecules, oxygen carries a slight ___ charge, and hydrogen carries a slight ____ charge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____-the result, in water, of attractions between weak charge differences. easily broken |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ become stronger when water solidifies as ice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other molecules, besides water, can also be ____ and form hydrogen bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water's polarity makes it a good ____ for other polar molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ionic bonds dissociate readily in water because __ readily associate with water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water molecules form ____ around ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ and ___ among atoms are the result of interactions among electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are attractions between weakly positive and weakly negatively charged particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water--->OH-1= ______, which is a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water--->H+1=______, which is a _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ____ is any ionic substance that releases h+ (protons) in water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ____ is any ionic substance that releases OH- (hydroxyl ions) in water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a salt is any ionic substance that contains an anion other than __ or __. Salts are acid-base results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the strength of any acid or base depends on how readily it ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____- a chemical that accepts/releases H+ as necessary to keep a pH constant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 12 most important elements of living systems? |
|
Definition
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
iron
magnesium
sodium
chlorine |
|
|
Term
all organic molecules must contain ____
all other molecules are called ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with only 4 electrons in its outer shell, carbon can form 4 _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organic molecules consisting ONLY of C and H are called _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hydrocarbon chains can have ________ that cause the macromolecule to act a certain way |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the c-h (hydrocarbon) core is nonpolar but functional groups are often polar, allowing for _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____large biological molecules built by combining smaller building blocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many macromolecules are _______, made from many repeating subunits called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ function in energy storage and structural support: important source of chemical energy for most cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scientific word for "built from"=______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large carbohydrates are ___________ and are built from __________ |
|
Definition
polysaccharides
monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
| _______ function in energy storage, cell membranes, chemical messages, pigments, and structural support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fats are polymers of ____ and _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ functions in catalysis, transport and support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins are composed of one or more _____ and are polymers of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ function in encoding genes and gene expression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleic acids are polymers of ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O in a ratio of ______
example(s)_____ |
|
Definition
1:2:1
sugars, starches, chitin, cellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of heat required to raise on gallon of water 1 degree Celsius |
|
|
Term
| a ____ is the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 1 degree celsius or 1 g 1000 degrees celsius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a _______ is a dietary unit of energy equal to 1 kilocalorie |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carbohydrates have a caloric value of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are the building blocks of more complex hydrocarbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are a combination of 2 monosaccharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is metabolized by cellular respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| isomers: ______ differ in carbon skeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| isomers: ______ differ in the arrangement of a functional group at a single carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and ____ are two monosachharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disachharides are formed by _______, which is a condensation reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ reactions consume energy and release water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ reactions, which break large hydrocarbons, release energy and consume water. these also require______ (sucrase, lactase) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Polymers of monosaccharides
plants use: ______ for energy storage
_______ for structural support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Polymers of monosaccharides
animals use:
______for energy storage (insoluble, more branched than starches)
_______for structural support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ (plants use as polymers for monosaccharides)coil up in water, making them insoluble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is a polymer of a-glucose and readily digestible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a polymer of b-glucose and indigestible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a structural polysachharide for construction of cell walls in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a polymer of b-glucose molecules that have a nitrogen containing functional group and is indigestible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chitin is used to build cell walls in ______ and to build exoskeletons in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| although chitin doesn't strictly follow the 1:2:1 rule for carbohydrates, it is still considered a __________ |
|
Definition
| structural polysachharide |
|
|
Term
| ______ are repositories, carriers, and transmitters of all information needed to make living things work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleic acids are the basis of ______ and ________ diversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of nucleic acid __ and ___ |
|
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| dna and rna are both polymers of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all nucleotides have:
___ ___ ___ |
|
Definition
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| rna uses ribose. dna uses deoxyribose. the two sugars differ in the functional group at their ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nitrogenous bases found in dna are ATCG _ _ _ _ |
|
Definition
adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine |
|
|
Term
| the nitrogenous bases found in rna are AUCG _ _ _ _ |
|
Definition
adenine
uracil
cytosine
guanine |
|
|
Term
| adenine and guanine are both ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cytosine, thymine, and uracil are _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the linkage between nucleotides is called a _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sugars are oriented from their ____ to their ____ the entire polymer has a 5' -> 3' orientation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both dna and rna are synthesized by adding new nucleotides to the _ end of the chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleic acids have a ____ backbone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rna is a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides, uses _____ instead of thymine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dna is a double-stranded molecule. the two strands wrap around each other, each as a helix, making dna a ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 strands of dna run in opposite directions of each other, ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dnas strands are held together by H-bonds between the _________ in opposite strands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dna structure
A is the opposing strand to _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dna structure
G is opposite to _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dna structure
_ and _ attract to each other between strands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the energy currency of cells |
|
Definition
ATP
adenosine triphosphate |
|
|
Term
| in dna, the bonds between phosphates are _ energy bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy is captured in the synthesis of ______ of ATP and released in the breakage of those bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is used in many oxidation reduction reactions to accept or donate high-energy electrons |
|
Definition
NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
|
|
Term
| _____ dictates EVERY cell's function (from its nucleus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dna is expressed through the production of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 living things differ because the _____ they synthesize differ and the ___ containing that information differs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is responsible for protein synthesis. the protein is synthesized in the nucleus but then moves to the cell's _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ -most functionally diverse class of biological molecules, providing the basis of diversity of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins function as ______ catalysts by facilitating chemical reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins serve as defense through body's _____ and immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins transport specific small molecules and _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins provide support. its structural roles include _ _ _ _ |
|
Definition
fibrin in hair
collagen in skin
tendons
bones |
|
|
Term
| proteins play parts in muscle movement, ___ and ____ help |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins regulate through _____ messages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins aid in storage. __ and __ bind to proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
proteins' gross caloric value=5.7 kcal/g
but their metabolism creates toxic _____ waste costing .9 kcal/g to process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins are _____ polymers of amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins are made by linking amino acids with ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are only _____different amino acids available. the sequence of amino acids is unique for each protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all amino acids have a central _____, an _ group (NH2), and a carboxyl group (COOH) |
|
Definition
|
|
