Term
| components of cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| heart, blood vessels, blood |
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Term
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Definition
| blood travels through TWO capillary beds prior to returning to the heart |
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Term
| how many portal systems are there? |
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Definition
| 3-liver (hepatic), kidneys, brain (hypophyseal) |
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Term
| divides right atrium and right ventricle |
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Definition
| tricuspid valve (type of atrioventricular valve) |
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Term
| divides left atrium and left ventricle |
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Definition
| mitral valve (type of atrioventricular valve) |
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Term
| atrioventricular valves: between what and function |
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Definition
| between atria and ventricles and prevent backflow of blood into atria |
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Term
| semilunar valves: what two names |
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Definition
| aortic valve and pulmonic valve |
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Term
| seperates left ventricle and aorta |
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Definition
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Term
| separates right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| heart rate * stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
| number of heart beats per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sinoatrial node spreads impulses to |
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Definition
| both atria--the contract simultaneously |
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Term
| AV nodes conducts slowly because |
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Definition
| its allowing time for atrial contraction and the ventricles to fill with blood |
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Term
| electrical pathway of heart :) |
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Definition
| SA--> AV-->bundle of His (AV bundle) --> right and left bundle branches --> purkinje fibers |
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Term
| _____ innervates the heart via the vagus nerrve and causes ____ |
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Definition
| parasympathetic, decreased heart rate |
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Term
| ___ innervates via the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and causes ____ |
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Definition
| sympathetic, increased heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| thick, muscular, elastic, away |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what can diffuse across capillaries? |
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Definition
| gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, wastes |
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Term
| ___ circulation usually fights with gravity |
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Definition
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Term
| venous blood flow depends on... |
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Definition
| their compression by skeletal muscles during movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| arise from stem cells in the marrow of long bones |
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Definition
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Term
| two important types of leukocytes |
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Definition
| B lymphoctyes and T lymphocytes |
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Term
| lymphocytes play a role in immune response and are involved in the production of |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphocytes play a role in immune response and are involved in the production of |
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Definition
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Term
| formed from stem cells in bone marrow |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nuclei, mito, and membranous organelles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| platlets are formed in the ____ and lack___ |
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Definition
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Term
| macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response |
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Definition
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Term
| substances that hte immune system recognizes as foreign and mounts a response against |
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Definition
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Term
| proteins that recognize and bind to antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| can cause the antigen to clump (agglutinate) and form large, insoluble complexes that are then removed by phagocytic cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| another name for antigens on RBCs |
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Definition
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Term
| another name for antibodies on RBCs |
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Definition
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Term
| antigen of blood type A, antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| antigen of blood type B, antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| antigen of blood type AB, antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| antigen of blood type O, antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ antibodies cannot cross the placenta |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| severe anemia for fetus bc of Rh factor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| two specific defense mechanisms of immune system: |
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Definition
| 1. humoral immunity 2. ell-mediated immunity |
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Term
| specific defense that involves the production of anitbodies after exposure to antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| specific defense that involves cells that bomat fungal and viral infection |
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Definition
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Term
| responsible for both specific immune responses |
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Definition
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Term
| region of antibody that binds to antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| region of antibody that contains a disulfide bridge |
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Definition
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Term
| specific part of antigen that is recognized by the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| primary response of humoral immunity: |
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Definition
| B cells become either memory cells(long-lived in blood stream) or plasma cells |
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Term
| memory cells are responsible for the secondary response which is |
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Definition
| when the cells stay in the blood indefinately and have a more immediate response on exposure to the same antigen |
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Term
| production of antibodies during an immune response |
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Definition
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Term
| acquired either passively or by injection (ex mom to fetus)--short lived |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphocytes involved in Humoral immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| mature and proliferate in the thymus |
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Definition
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Term
| mature and proliferate in spleen and lymph nodes |
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Definition
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Term
| types of T cells and fuctions: |
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Definition
1. cytotoxic-destroy antigens directly
2. helper-activate other B and T cells
3. supressor-regulate B and T cells to decrease activity
*can differentiate into memory |
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Term
| play an important role in allergies |
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Definition
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Term
| play an important role in the rejection of organ transplants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme in tears that breaks down bacterial cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecule involved in coordination of immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by damaged cells that causes blood vessel dialation |
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Term
| nonspecific defense mechanisms |
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Definition
1. skin
2. passages
3. macrophages
4. inflammatory response
5. interferons |
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Term
| proteins produced by cells under viral attack that diffuse to other cells where they help prevent the spread of the virus |
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Definition
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Term
| activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells and stimulate B cells to secrete anitbodies |
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Definition
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Term
| specialized B cells that produce and secrete anitbodies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in the membrane of the T cell and only can recognize antigens on surface of other cells (not in solution) and in a specific context |
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Term
| antigen must be presented to cell as part of a ____ in order to stimulate a T cell receptor |
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Definition
| Major Histocompatability Complex |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins on surface of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins only present on immune cells |
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Term
| something has to be recognized as ___ for antibodies to be produced |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ have valves (not heart) |
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Definition
veins
*arteries and capillaries do not |
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Term
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Definition
| umbulical vein to vena cava |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ductus arteriosus connects: |
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Definition
| pulmonary artery and aorta |
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Term
| ductus arteriosus bypasses: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| aveoli-> bronchi->trachea->larynx->pharynx |
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