Term
| exchange of gases between an organism and its external environment |
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Definition
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Term
| transport of gases within the organism |
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Definition
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| diffusion of gases into and out of cells |
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Definition
| across the veryt hin walls of the alveoli |
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Definition
| lowers the surface tension of the alveoli and facilitates gas exchange across the membranes |
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Term
| thin layer of liquid on each alveolus |
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Definition
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Term
| process by which air is inhaled and exhaled |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| teh pressure changes in the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| ____ prevents the lungs from collapsing |
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Definition
| pressure difference between the intrapleural space and the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract, pushing the rib cage and chest up and out |
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Term
| during inhalation the thoracic cavity ___ in volume and therefore ___ the intrapleural pressure and .... |
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Definition
| increases, decrease; causing the lungs to expand and fill with air |
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Term
| negative-pressure breathing: |
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Definition
| air is drawn in by a vacuum |
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Definition
| diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the chest pushes in |
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Term
| during exhalation the volume of the thoracic cavity ___ and the air pressure in the intrapleural space ____, causing |
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Definition
| decrease, increase; lungs to deflate and force air out |
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Term
| during force exhalation... |
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Definition
| internal intercostal muscles contract and pull the rib cage down |
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Term
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Definition
| alveolar collapse during exhalation |
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Term
| ventilation is regulated by |
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Definition
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Term
| neural signals can be modified by |
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Definition
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Term
| chemoreceptors respond to |
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Definition
| changes in pH and partial pressure of CO2 in the blood |
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Term
| ventilation can be consciously controlled by the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measures the amount of air normally present in the respiratory system and the rate at which ventilation occurs |
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Definition
| maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled and exhaled |
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Definition
| amount of air normally inhaled and exhaled with each breath |
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Definition
| air that always remains in the lungs, preventing the alveoli from collapsing |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume: |
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Definition
| volume of air that can still be forcibly exhaled following a normal exhalation |
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Term
| total lung capacity equals |
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Definition
| vital capacity plus the residual volume |
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Definition
| down its gradient from the alveoli into the capillaries where it binds with hemoglobin and returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein |
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Definition
| from the capillaries into the alveoli where it is released into the environment during exhalation |
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Term
| at high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere... |
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Definition
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Term
| if the oxygen pressure is decreased it is... |
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Definition
| more difficult to get sufficient oxygen to diffuse into the capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing the production of RBCs to carry more oxygen |
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Term
| if getting insufficient oxygen, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases to |
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Definition
| facilitate unloading of oxygen in tissues...results in greater vascularization of peripheral tissues |
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