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Biology Chapter 3
Life-The Science of Biology
51
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2011

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Term
Functional Group
Definition
specific groups of atoms within a molecule that are responsible for the chemical reactions of that molecule.
Term
Sterols
Definition
4 structures composed of C, H, with little O; functioning in signaling;
Term
Simple sugars are able to be absorbed better because
Definition
they can be easily crossed into the blood stream.
Term
Saturated
Definition
humans tend to have saturated fatty acids; the tails tend to be straight; triglyceride is solid at room temperature
Term
Unsaturated
Definition
double bonds are present (kinky); some carbons do not have a full set of H; tends to be a liquid at room temperature; plants will have more unsaturated fatty acids.
Term
Transfatty Acid
Definition
unsaturated, but structured so it's solid at room temperature(it packs well: ex. margarine); increases risk of heart disease; stable at room temperature and easy to make
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Used for plasma membranes; composed of a head and 2 fatty acid tails; head is composed of Glycerol, Phosphate and Choline. Tails are uncharged-nonpolar-hydrophobic; the head is hydrophillic and polar; can form phospholipid bilayers between a cell and the external enviornment.
Term
Lipids (fats)
Definition
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and very little oxygen; hydrophobic because of the proportion of C+H to O; non polar
Term
Three Types of Lipids
Definition
1. Triglycerides 2. Sterols 3. Phospholipids
Term
Functions for Lipids
Definition
- creating your cell membranes. - storing energy. -insulation. -sterols are involved in signaling. -light energy capture. -water repellent function
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
fats and oils; used for energy storage and insulation; composed of a glycerol head and three fatty acid tails that are saturated or unsaturated.
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
2 sugar rings covalently bonded together; "complex carbohydrates"
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
3 or more sugar rings covalently bonded together "complex carbohydrates"
Term
Examples of Polysaccharides
Definition
1. Glycogen 2. Cellulose 3. Starch (ex. Fiber)
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
carbohydrate composed of 1 sugar ring by itself. "simple sugar"
Term
Carbohydrates (sugar)
Definition
composed of C, H, and O; Hydrophillic (the high proportion of oxygen allows them to hydrogen bond)
Term
Functions of Carbohydrates
Definition
-store energy; -carry energy; -structure to cells; -high amount of carbon used to generate carbon skeletons for new molecules
Term
Molecular Chaperones
Definition
proteins whose function is to help other proteins fold; has a favorable bonding environment that helps other proteins fold.
Term
R groups are what
Definition
dictate if a protein can interact with another protein or molecule
Term
Primary (1°)
Definition
the sequence of amino acids linked by a peptide bond in a chain
Term
Secondary (2°)
Definition
two types: alphahelix( squiggly line) or a beta (accordion)
Term
Tertiary (3°)
Definition
the 3D shape of one polypeptide (amino acid); involves hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and nonpolar forces by the way of R Groups.
Term
Quaternary (4°)
Definition
the 3D shape of more than 1 protein.
Term
Cytosine (SH)
Definition
can create a covalent bond. SH can form covalent bonds with another SH.
Term
When You Look At A Amino Acid:
Definition
1. Charged/ Uncharged (Polar/ Nonpolar) 2. Large/ Small 3. Hydrophillic/ Hydrophobic
Term
Peptitde bonds form through
Definition
Condensation reactions
Term
Four Levels of Protein Folding
Definition
Primary Structure: chains of amino acids linked by a peptide bond. Secondary Structure: helixes or beta pleated sheets Tertiary Structure: 3D Shape of 1 protein Quaternary Structure: 3D Structure of a protein complex
Term
Carboxyl Group
Definition
COO-
Term
COO- is the same in every group. The difference is the
Definition
R Group
Term
R groups
Definition
give each amino acid a different function/ property; important for protein folding; typically shown in a box in a reaction chain.
Term
Amino Group
Definition
H3N+
Term
Antibodies
Definition
Fights infections; built by the immune systems
Term
Signaling
Definition
Cells receive and transmit
Term
Structure
Definition
Cytoskeleton= protein scaffold that gives structure to cells
Term
Genetic Regulation
Definition
helps decide what genes are ON or OFF
Term
Condensation Reaction
Definition
Two molecules come together and a water molecule (H2O) is produced. Two monomers are conjoined by covalent bonds.
Term
Hydrolysis Reaction
Definition
Water is used and a polymer is split into pieces.
Term
Proteins
Definition
Are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (a specialized form of covalent bonds). "workhorses of the cell"
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Proteins that do chemical reactions that support life; initiate and accelerate
Term
Structural Isomers
Definition
Where the layout is CLEARLY different
Term
Optical Isomer
Definition
whenever the molecules are mirror images of each other. Referred to as D&L.
Term
Chirality
Definition
Also known as optical isomer. Example: L Form= sudafed (what our biological systems use). D Form= meth (what we manufacture)
Term
Molecules can be ______ & _______ apart
Definition
Built; split
Term
OH
Definition
hydroxyl; polar; can hydrogen bond; hydrophillic
Term
R Group
Definition
variable side chain that gives the unique physical and chemical properties of each amino acid-either nonpolar+hydrophobic or polar+charged (acidic/basic)
Term
Functional Groups:
Definition
1. Hydroxyl 2. Aldehyde 3. Keto (carbon double bonded to an oxygen) 4. Carboxyl 5. Amino 6. Phosphate (1 phosphate & 4 oxygens will be negatively charged) 7. Sulfhydryl
Term
Isomer
Definition
molecules with the same atoms but a different layout
Term
4 Main Classes of Macromolecules
Definition
1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids
Term
H is
Definition
Hydrogen.
Term
C is
Definition
Carbon
Term
O is
Definition
Oxygen
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