Term
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Definition
| 1. All living organisms made of one or more cells 2. Cells are the fundamental unit of life 3. All cells come from preexisting cells |
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Term
| What are the features common to all cells? |
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Definition
| DNA, proteins (that carry out the cells work), RNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and small size |
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Term
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Definition
| composes cell membranes, made of lipids and phosphates, 3 carbon glycerol molecule, phosphate end hydrophilic, lipid end hydrophobic |
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Term
| What are the four components of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| phospholipid molecules, cholesterol molecules, proteins, and glycocalyx |
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Term
| How do the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends of phospholipids create the phospholipid bilayer? |
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Definition
| The hydrophilic ends create the area exposed to the water medium outside and inside the cell, and the hydrophobic tails face each other away from the water |
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Term
| Sterols (Cholesterol Molecules) - as a part of the membrane |
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Definition
| Have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region, the hydrophobic region enhances the phospholipid bilayers ability to keep water from passing through. Cholersterol also helps stop lipids from solidifying due to changes in temperature |
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Term
| What does it mean when the cell membrane is called a Fluid Mosaic? |
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Definition
| that proteins and phospholipids are free to move laterally within the bilayer |
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Term
| Proteins in the membranes |
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Definition
| Integral proteins imbedded in the phospholipid bilayer, and peripheral proteins on either side of the phospholipid bilayer. Proteins make membrane an active player |
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Term
| What are some diverse functions of proteins in the membrane? |
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Definition
| Transport Proteins create passageways, Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, recognition proteins help body recognize its own cells, adhesion proteins enable cells to stick to one another, and receptor proteins bind to molecules outside of the cell trigger a reaction inside of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| sugar side cells on the cell membrane that in prokaryotes help cell from drying out and protects the cell from harm and in eukaryotes it is part of the communication system and prevents cells from dividing when they shouldn't |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell recieves an exernal message and coverts it into an internal signal, this stimulates specific functions in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| It is where DNA is located in prokaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Holes in the nuclear envelopes where mRNA molecules exit, vary busy millions of proteins and mRNA molecules pass in and out each minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Dense spot in the nucleus that assembles the components of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of sacs and tubules composed of membranes - literally means network within the cytoplasm, has both rough and smooth parts of the network |
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Term
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Definition
| rough part near nucleus where enzymes fold and modify proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizes lipid and other membrane components, and also detoxes drugs and poisons |
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Term
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Definition
| where the lipids and proteins made by the Er exit the organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| stack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs that function as a proecessing centers. Proteins complete their intricate folding here and become functional, enzymes here also attach carbs to proteins or lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles containing enzymes that dismantle captured bacteria, worn-out organelles, and debris. The enzymes inside are manufactured by rough ER. they fuse with vesicles carrying debris and break them down |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a large central vacuoles in plant cells? |
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Definition
| the watery solution it contains has enzymes that degrade and recycle molecules, much like lysosomes in animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles in eukaryotes that contains several types of enzymes that dispose of toxic substances, break down fatty acids, and produce cholesterol and some other lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| use cellular respiration to extract energy from food needed o produce proteins secrete, and perform the chemical reactions in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| folds of inner membranes that contain enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions of cellular respiration |
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Term
| What is the cytoskeleton and what are some of its functions? |
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Definition
| it is an intricate network of internal protein tracks and tubules. It is a transportational system, it maintains the three dimensional shape of the cell, it enables movement, cell division, and cell connection |
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Term
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Definition
| uncoiled lengths of DNA in the nucleus |
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Term
| What are the three major protein components of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of a protein called tubulin which determines how long it is, it is a trackway to move cells rapidly, examples include cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| long thin rod composed of the protein actin, networks of this provide the machinary to move if provoked by a signal, provides strength to survive stretching and compression, and helps anchor one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of different proteins in specialized cell types, resist mechanical stress, helps bind some cells together |
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Term
| What cells do cell walls surround |
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Definition
| almost all bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and plants |
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Term
| What are some functions of the cell wall? |
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Definition
| barrier, imparts shape, volume, prevents bursting, and interacts with other cells to see how a cell should specialize |
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Term
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Definition
| channels that connect adjacent cells and allow them to communicate |
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Term
| What are the three different kinds of junctions in animal cells? |
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Definition
| tight junctions, anchoring junctions, and gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| fuses cells together forming an impermeable barrier between them |
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Term
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Definition
| connects adjacent cells by linking intermediate filaments in a single spot |
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Term
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Definition
| protein channels that link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells allowing exchange of ions, nutrients, and other small molecules |
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