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Biology Chapter 13: Genetics
mcat biology
29
Biology
Undergraduate 4
06/30/2009

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Term
if self-crossed, produce progeny only with the parental phenotype
Definition
true-breeding
Term
recombinate phenotypes
Definition
recombine the parental traits
Term
linked
Definition
located on the same chromosome and are usually inherited together
Term
tightly linked genes recombine at a frequency close to
Definition
zero percent
Term
weakly linked genes recombine at frequencies approaching
Definition
50 percent
Term
linked genes can recombine at frequencies between __ and __ to produce
Definition
0 and 50--- recombinates
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
if the phenotype of the heterozygote is an intermediate of the phenotypes of the homozygotes
Term
codominance
Definition
multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant
Term
when two dominant alleles are present, the phenotype is the result of the expression of
Definition
both dominant alleles simultaneously
Term
penetrance
Definition
percentage of individuals in the population carrying the allele who actually express the phenotype associated with it
Term
expressivity
Definition
the degree to which the phenotype associated with the genotype is expressed in individuals who carry the allele
Term
affected by environment
Definition
penetrance and expressivity
Term
male
Definition
XY
Term
female
Definition
XX
Term
sex chromosomes pair during ___ and segregate during ____
Definition
meiosis; first meiotic division
Term
sex linked is
Definition
X linked
Term
sex linked--affected males will pass the gene to
Definition
ALL of their daughters
Term
failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly or sister chromatids to separate properly
Definition
nondisjunction
Term
nondisjunction can occur in
Definition
meiosis I or meiosis II
Term
down syndrome
Definition
trisomy of 21
Term
tuners syndome
Definition
xo
Term
duplication
Definition
fragment of a chromosome may join with its homologous chromosome
Term
translocation
Definition
fragment that broke off may join with a nonhomologous chromosome
Term
inversion
Definition
broken off fragment rejoins original chromosome in reverse position
Term
if a trait skips a generation it is
Definition
always recessive
Term
sex linked will be obvious because
Definition
MANY MANY MANY more males will be affeced
Term
equation for number of genetically different gametes
Definition
2^n (n= number of heterozygous genes)
Term
hardy-weinberg equation:
Definition
gene ratios and allelic frequencies remain constant through the generations in a non-evolving population
Term
criteria for hardy-weinberg
Definition
1. random mating
2. large population
3. no migration in or out
4. lake of mutation
5. no inbreeding
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